How Didi Fought Uber in China and Won; Next, Taking On the
World

In-Depth Integrative Case 4.1
How Didi Fought Uber in China and Won; Next, Taking On the
World
Introduction
Technology is constantly evolving, and firms who have leveraged the unprecedented growth
rate of modern innovation have seen quick success. Didi Chuxing, China’s largest ridesharing
servicer, is no exception. With roots dating back to 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap, Didi has quickly gained Chinese
support, and with over 7.4 billion rides completed in 2017, Didi’s emphasis on technology has
allowed the young ridesharing firm to gain monopolistic authority within China.1
Rising transportation demand in China has created intense ridesharing competition within
China, and Didi’s early expansion efforts were obstructed by competitors, most notably Uber,
who entered China in 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay. With locations in over 60 countries, Uber had the experience
needed to quickly gain a foothold within China. Hefty subsidies, discounts, and marketing
promotions propelled the competitive battle between Uber and Didi, and the immediate
influence of Uber’s reputation led to a quick deterioration of Didi’s market dominance.
Nonetheless, governmental protectionism, strong Chinese partners, and a unique cultural
landscape in China presented Didi with the competitive edge needed to halt Uber’s expansion.2
Fierce opposition weakened revenues, and each firm reported losses exceeding US$1 billion
within the first year of competition.3 As a result, in August of 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, Uber and Didi agreed to
US$35 billion alliance in which Didi would acquire Uber China. In return, Uber would receive an
initial 5.89 percent stake in the combined company, and with preferred equity interest, Uber’s
total position amounted to 17.7 percent.4 This announcement effectively halted Uber’s effort
to compete head-on with Didi in China and confirmed Didi’s dominance over the Chinese
ridesharing market.
The acquisition of Uber China meant only temporary peace to cut throat ridesharing
competition, and new wars are beginning to emerge as the two firms each strive to gain global
ridesharing dominance. Uber is now faced with a difficult situation as Chinese authority and
growing revenue streams inch Didi closer to global superiority. As Didi prepares to expand into
international markets, it is only a matter of time before these two players clash once again.5
An Evolving Chinese Ridesharing Market
China has quickly become the world’s largest provider of ridesharing services, and in 2017, a
total of 20.81 billion rides were offered through these platforms. Today, ridesharing accounts
for almost 2 percent of all transportation within China.6 While ridesharing may retain only a
modest presence, it is nonetheless the fastest growing method of transportation in the nation
as these services have been available for less than a decade. Rapid growth justifies China’s
US$30 billion ride hailing market valuation, and continued development has led analysts to
believe that this market will double in size by the end of 2020.7
Ridesharing within China offers a sustainable solution to China’s road congestion and emission
pollution issues. According to the World Bank, China’s transportation sector accounts for nearly
55 percent of oil consumption, and transportation related carbon emissions amounted to
nearly 900 million tons in 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online.8 Furthermore, a recent study conducted by the Asian
Development Bank found that 7 of the 10 most polluted cities in the world are located in China.
The World Health Organization has additionally reported that only 1 percent of all Chinese
cities meet air quality standards, and in some cities, particulate matter pollution is more than
10 times the WHO limit.9
Chinese consumers are more willing to try new products and are more accepting of new
technology, leading to a quick embrace of ride hailing services by both Chinese citizens and
governments. A recent study by Bain and Company noted that 62 percent of Chinese
respondents listed e-hailing services as their primary driver of increased mobility preferences.
Conversely, less progressive nations such as the U.S. and Germany had only 29 percent and 23
percent of respective respondents list e-hailing as a mobility preference contributor.10
Governmental vehicle limitations have also contributed to mounting ridesharing support. In an
effort to curb pollution and congestion, China has implemented many regulations aimed at
limiting the number of vehicles on the road. In Beijing for instance, a city with some of the most
congested roads in the world, citizens are only eligible to drive on predefine dates based on
their license plates numbers. Furthermore, mounting taxes, fees, and restraints associated with
purchasing and operating a vehicle have forced many to rethink transportation.11 In 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, the
country legalized ridesharing, thus becoming the first developed country to nationally do so.
This legislation would require all drivers to pass national background checks and car
inspections, and China’s willingness to embrace ridesharing shows its eagerness to improve
domestic transportation options.12
Didi Chuxing: Building a Better Journey
Growing transportation concerns within China increased the demand for new and innovative
methods of travel. As a result, in 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap, rideshare servicer Didi Dache was established. Founded
by Cheng Wei, a former Alibaba employee who had grown tired of the difficulty associated with
hailing a cab during rush hour, Didi Dache received early national embrace.13 Ridesharing
expanded quickly, and by 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, China’s rideshare servicers were transporting over 150 million
monthly users. Early success was headed by both Didi Dache and competitor Kuaidi Dache, and
the combined position of these two firms amounted to nearly 95 percent of China’s ridesharing
market.14
Competition between these two service leaders grew in hostility, and by February of 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, the
firms agreed to end their competitive battle through a merger. The merged company would
rebrand itself as Didi Kuaidi, later to be changed to Didi Chuxing, and valuations for the newly
formed ridesharing monopoly were placed at around US$6 billion.15 Merging not only ended
competition, but it also allowed for multiple legal and regulatory advantages, especially in
China’s more restrictive cities like Shanghai and Beijing where drivers were prohibited from
using multiple ridesharing apps.16 Additionally, Uber’s expansion into China in 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay meant that
combining resources and knowledge would be the only way either company could survive. By
the time the merger was finalized, the combined firm controlled an 80 percent majority of
China’s private car hailing market.17
Didi Chuxing now offers upscale limousine rides, food delivery services, inner city busing, and
bike sharing in addition to its typical express ridesharing. While Didi has yet to expand outside
of China, heavy international investments have allowed the firm to gain a global footprint. Didi
now has relationships with Lyft in America, Ola in India, GrabTaxi in Southeast Asia, 99 in Latin
America, and Taxify in Europe (see Figure 1).18
Figure 1 Didi Chuxing’s Global Partnerships
Source: Bhuiyan, Johana, and Rani Molla. “Didi is Chasing Uber Around the World.” Vox, August
10, 2017. https://www.vox.com/2017/8/10/16114736/didi-china-ride-hail-compares-uberglobally.
Didi Chuxing has the goal of “building a better journey,” and the firm’s vision of “Becoming a
global leader in the revolution of transportation and automotive technology” describes how the
firm plans to achieve this ambition. These ideas are central to the firm’s nearly 10,000
employees, half of which are engineers and data scientists.19 Didi has supported its vision
through heavy investments in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and electronic vehicles.
Innovation has spawned expansion, and investments by Apple have resulted in a shared Silicon
Valley research and development lab that focuses on AI advancement and self-driving
technology. For Didi, this lab is only one of three research facilities, and the firm has been using
machine learning and data collection to improve the fluidity of its services since its founding.20
Didi Chuxing’s emphasis on improving its services through innovation is most clearly
demonstrated through its Smart Transportation Brain technology. Through a partnership with
the Chinese government, Didi has been able to combine its camera and sensor data with
governmental road reports to proactively manage traffic in real time. For instance, data sharing
has led to the installation of smart traffic lights that decrease road congestion. The severity of
transportation issues within China has led to governmental backing as both Didi and the
Chinese government share similar goals of traffic alleviation. Governmental support, mixed with
an environment that encourages ridesharing, [has] greatly contributed to Didi’s dominance
within China.21
Managing Mounting Threats
While Didi’s capabilities have created success, generating a consistent profit remains a major
challenge for the firm. Cheng Wei has often hinted at the private firm’s stressed financial
situation, and in 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, Didi was rumored to have a net loss of US$1.6 billion. High losses are a
result of rider subsidies, and Didi is known for underpricing competitors and attracting new
users through deep discounts. Driver shortages—a result of regulations that prohibit migrant
workers from driving—have also cut into revenue.22 Although most ridesharing competitors,
like Uber, have yet to generate a profit, the extent of Didi’s losses in such a concentrated
market are particularly worrisome for the firm.23
Didi’s per ride revenue averages around 16 cents, and with as many as 30 million daily rides
given, the profit potential for the company is enormous. Nonetheless, post subsidy profit can
be as little as 1.6 cents and total 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online subsidies were estimated at US$1.7 billion. The firm has
only been able to survive in such a loss heavy environment due to the support of strong
domestic partners and partnerships with Alibaba, Softbank, Tencent, and Apple. These
investments have generated US$12 billion of on-hand cash, which continues to fund subsidies,
tech innovation, and expand the firm’s international presence. While Didi may remain a loss
leader for some time, the growing ubiquity of the firm’s presence will most likely lead to profits
in the long run.24
Recent attacks against riders have weakened Didi’s perception of safety. Even though Didi’s
accident rates are far lower than that of a traditional taxis, there has been much backlash
against the firm ever since two female passengers were killed by Didi drivers in early 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online. Both
incidents were directly linked to faults within Didi’s platform, such as the firm’s lack of
receptiveness to user complaints. In response to these attacks, Didi announced that it would
not focus on profits until all safety concerns were addressed. Didi has since introduced random
biometric ID testing in addition to the selfie-based login system previously used to identify
drivers and added an in-app SOS button that is linked to a special police response team focused
on dealing with transportation threats. Wei hopes that these efforts will revitalize Didi’s
damaged image.25
Negative backlash has not halted Didi’s push forward, and international support is growing so
rapidly that valuation estimates have begun to rival that of Uber.26 Similarly, Fortune magazine
has ranked Didi 53rd on its 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online list of companies changing the world due to the progress the
firm has made in limiting road congestion and decreasing transportation-induced
environmental impacts.27 Didi’s influence has led to Cheng Wei being listed as Forbes Asia’s
2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online Businessman of the year, and this innovative mentality has also resulted in Didi being
ranked 4th on CBNC’s 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online Disruptor 50 list, a ranking that presents the top companies
changing their respective industries.28
China’s Business Environment
Rapid growth has expanded individual wealth, and more than half of all households within
China will be considered middle class by 2022. The nation’s per capita disposable income is now
around 28,000 yuan, or 4,000 dollars.29 Increasing wealth has shifted preferences and
discretionary spending has grown 13.4 percent since 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer. As wages and consumption rise, the
population is beginning to spend more on entertainment, relaxation, and travel—all of which
influence ridesharing demand.30 New spending patterns have also attracted foreign firms, and
many now invest heavily in this high-growth market. Within the last 10 years alone, China has
received over 20 percent of all developing countries’ FDI, and with over US$100 billion invested
annually, China has become one of the most heavily targeted nations in the world.31
Although China has opened its markets, cultural and regulatory obstacles have nonetheless
obstructed many foreign firms’ entrances. China operates under a hybrid economic system,
meaning that some sectors are market-based, while others remain state-owned and protected.
Most industries fall in the middle of this spectrum and governmental backing of domestic firms
has limited the entrance of foreign competitors.32 Foreign tech and retail giants, such as
Google and Walmart, have faced many restrictions within China, and the nation uses
protectionism as a tactic to grow local economies. This protectionist emphasis explains why
Chinese firms consistently outperform foreign rivals.33
Business etiquette varies significantly within China, and many western firms have historically
found it difficult to operate within the nation’s rigid business environment. Within China,
leadership is synonymous to loyalty and it is taboo for subordinates to question upper
management. Strict group structures heavily influence the way in which management operates,
and many Chinese communities believe that western leadership hierarchies are too relaxed.
These leadership differences were key contributors to the early hostilities felt between Didi
Chuxing and Uber, and different mentalities fueled the passion each enterprise felt over
establishing its own cultural precedent within China’s ridesharing industry.34
China’s business environment has similarly impacted the way ridesharing has been addressed
within the nation. On a national level, regulations require that ridesharing firms hire local
residents, and that both drivers and vehicles obtain specific certifications. Drivers must have a
minimum of three years driving experience and no criminal record, and they must be licensed
by local taxi authorities. As compared to other nations, China is much more open to ridesharing,
and it was the first country to nationally address the industry. This openness demonstrates
both executive level support for domestic growth and a culturally progressive mindset.
Governmental support of ridesharing was ultimately an important factor of Uber’s market
entrance.35
Uber: Setting the World in Motion
Founded by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009, Uber is now regarded as a ridesharing
pioneer and global industry leader. Since Uber’s first San Francisco ride in 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer, Page 563the
firm has prioritized development, and in just 10 years, Uber has become one of the world’s
most valuable private startups. While valuations peaked at US$72 billion in 2017, many still
regard Uber as a leader in the future of transportation, and many more believe that its
aggressive demeanor will lead to both domestic and international success.36
Established as a taxi service, Uber now offers a multitiered platform of transportation and
logistic solutions, including shipping, food delivery, electronic bikes, and limousines. This
diversification has expanded Uber’s potential and has grown the company beyond ridesharing.
Today, services like Uber Eats now make up 17 percent of total business.37 Furthermore, with a
mission that reads, “To ignite opportunity by setting the world in motion,” Uber and its 2
million global drivers focus on bettering the future of transportation. In doing so, Uber has
emphasized technology advancement and is currently investing in innovative travel solutions,
ranging from autonomous vehicles to flying cars.38
In 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online alone, ridesharing services in the U.S. generated US$15.6 billion, and revenues are
anticipated to reach US$26.3 billion by 2023. Additionally, the U.S. currently has 50 million
registered ridesharing users, and 11 million new riders are estimated to emerge within the next
five years.39 For Uber, the bulk of its business remains domestic, and while premiums are
generally higher in the U.S., market growth is more promising internationally. For instance, a
major consideration of international ridesharing growth is vehicles per capita. The United States
has one of the highest vehicle per capita rates, and 88 percent of U.S. citizens own a car,
compared to about 10 percent globally.40 This disparity in transportation accessibility has
caused many American ridesharing firms to expand into foreign nations, such as China, where
the market potential is larger. Higher demand for ridesharing internationally has led to
expedited foreign growth, and by 2025, the global ridesharing industry will be 10 times larger
than that of the U.S.41
Uber has focused on international expansion since its inception. In December of 2011, a little
more than a year after the firm’s first San Francisco ride, Uber expanded into Paris. Within the
next two years, the firm grew its operations across 6 continents. Today, Uber is active in over
600 cities in 70 unique countries (see Figure 2). Nevertheless, almost a third of these locations
are within North America, and Uber’s largest presence remains domestic.42 As a result, most of
the firm’s income is generated within the U.S., and despite a growing international focus, over
57 percent of Uber’s revenues will come from North America by 2022.43
Figure 2 Uber’s Operations Around the Globe
Source: Bhuiyan, Johana, and Rani Molla. “Didi is Chasing Uber Around the World.” Vox, August
10, 2017. https://www.vox.com/2017/8/10/16114736/didi-china-ride-hail-compares-uberglobally.
Foreign competition and international backlash have inhibited Uber’s success, and while the
firm is becoming globally known, many foreign developments have been ineffective. Uber’s
expansion techniques have typically involved offering deep discounts while leveraging the
prestige associated with its brand.44 Uber rarely makes local adjustments, and the firm has
often been criticized for not adapting to the cultural, economic, and political environments of
an area it expands into. As a result, many have questioned the speed of Uber’s expansion and
condemn the company for not taking the time to properly adapt to the nuances of the locations
it enters. Uber’s expansive setbacks can be linked to its “think local to expand global” attitude
and many believe that the largest inhibitor to Uber’s success has been its inability to adapt.45
Many have also questioned the legal and societal aspects of Uber’s services, and fierce
lobbying, especially by taxi unions, has disrupted international expansion. Opposition has led to
violent protests and state-wide bans in places like Hungary, Italy, and France. In Morocco, Uber
drivers have claimed that disputes with taxi servicers have resulted in physical harm, threats,
and unlawful detainment. As attacks become more common, many passengers question the
safety of the service.46
Growing opposition and overly eager expansion plans have damaged Uber’s financial position,
and costly battles within less open-minded countries have slowed revenue growth. While selfreported financial statements show that revenues reached US$11.3 billion in 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, many
speculators are concerned with the firm’s slowing growth. Furthermore, after deducting
expenses, Uber showed a net loss of US$1.8 billion in 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online. This loss can be mainly attributed to
unsuccessful international expansions, brand damage control, and regulatory lawsuits.47 Along
with revenue concerns, Uber has also been plagued by leadership scandals. Travis Kalanick, cofounder and CEO of Uber, was known to support a workplace culture that tolerated both
discrimination and sexual harassment. Kalanick was forced to step down after the firm’s five
largest investors threatened to pull their funding.48 Traditionally, Uber’s overall leadership has
placed a high focus on growth, resulting in a hostile company culture, which one former
employee described as “Hobbesian.” Growth has always undermined employee well-being, and
“workers were often pitted against one another while a blind eye was turned to infractions
from top performers.” Corrupt leadership and a toxic work environment have resulted in
multiple lawsuits, new management, and faulty expansive efforts.49
Uber’s Milestones
2009 •Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp launch UberCab.
•UberCab is rebranded as Uber.
2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer •Travis Kalanick replaces Ryan Graces as CEO.
•The Uber app launches on iPhone and Android.
•Uber performs its first ever ride, taking a single passenger across San Francisco.
•Domestic expansion begins and services are offered in cities such as New York and
Chicago.
2011 •First international launch in Paris, France.
•First round of funding results in over US$11 million of investments.
•Expands into France.
•Ridesharing becomes primary focus through the launching of UberX.
2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap •Competitor Lyft is founded.
•Expands into Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
•Begins looking for opportunities in Asia, taking off in Taipei, Taiwan.
•Targets Central and South American through Mexico City expansion.
2013 •Establishes a global mindset by launching in Johannesburg, South Africa.
•USA Today names Uber Tech Company of the year.
•Expands into India, Mexico, Germany, South Africa, Taiwan, and the United Arab
Emirates.
•Enters China.
•Chinese firm Baidu backs Uber with a US$600 million investment.
•UberRush launches as a courier service that uses bicycle messengers to deliver
packages.
•UberPool begins allowing travelers to share rides.
2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay •UberMilitary is founded to help returning veterans gain employment
opportunities.
•Enters its 100th City
•Expands into Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Czech Republic, China,
Columbia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Panama,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, and
Switzerland.
•Didi Chuxing is founded through a merger between Kuaidi Dache and Didi Dache.
•Didi and Lyft form a US$100 million partnership.
•Ola, Grab, Didi, and Lyft announce the Joint Global Technology and Service
Alliance to battle Uber.
•UberCargo launches as a bulk shipping platform.
•UberFresh is rebranded as UberEats, growing the firm’s position in food delivery
services.
•Specific locations begin accepting cash fees.
2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service •First autonomous robotics research facility opens.
•First public acquisition occurs when Uber purchases map startup deCarta.
•Domestic regulatory pressures grow after California’s Labor Commission classifies
Uber drivers as employees.
•Performs its one billionth ride.
•Enters its 300th city.
•Expands into Costa Rica, Croatia, Estonia, Ghana, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Macao,
Morocco, Peru, Romania, Slovakia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Uganda.
•China becomes the first country to nationally deem ridesharing legal.
•Didi Chuxing announces its acquisition of Uber China.
•Scheduled ride services launch allowing passengers to book rides up to 30 days in
advance.
•Street mapping begins as a way to improve and maximize route logistics.
•First self-driving vehicle pilot takes place.
2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online •Regulatory uncertainty rises in the U.S. forces Uber to leave cities like Austin,
Texas.
•Global regulatory disputes temporarily force Uber out of countries such as Italy,
Israel, and the UK.
•Performs its two billionth ride just six months after hitting one billion trips.
•Enters its 500th city.
•Expands into: Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Guatemala, Pakistan, Tanzania,
Uganda, and Ukraine.
•UberFreight launches, connecting trucking companies and drivers with shippers.
•Passengers under 17 become eligible to use Uber.
•Passengers are now able to tip drivers.
•Launches Visa-sponsored Uber credit card.
•Walmart announces home delivery through Uber partnership.
•Partners with NASA to work on the development of flying vehicles.
2017 •Travis Kalanick is forced to resign as CEO amidst rumors of workplace
discrimination and sexual misconduct.
•Dara Khosrowshahi replaces Kalanick as CEO.
•Alphabet files a lawsuit against Uber claiming theft of self-driving vehicle
intellectual property.
2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online •Travis Kalanick is forced to resign as CEO amidst rumors of workplace
discrimination and sexual misconduct.
•Dara Khosrowshahi replaces Kalanick as CEO.
•Alphabet files a lawsuit against Uber claiming theft of self-driving vehicle
intellectual property.
A New Challenger in China
Despite governmental uncertainty, cultural differences, and other variable entry barriers, Uber
launched in China in February of 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay. Attracted by China’s ridesharing market potential, Uber
hoped to capitalize on the nation’s transportation limitations and growing population.
Furthermore, in order to overcome the legal ambiguity of ridesharing in China, Uber entered
the nation through partnerships with multiple domestic vehicle leasing servicers and
technology companies. The largest of these partners was Chinese tech giant Baidu, and Uber
reworked its internal platform to run on Baidu Maps. This partnership was crucial to Uber’s
entrance, as Uber typically relies on Google Maps to operate, which is banned in China.50 Prior
to entrance, Uber was valued at US$17 billion, and this valuation more than doubled after a
year of operating within China.51
Growing competition in the U.S. ridesharing industry, along with pressure by other
transportation services, pushed Uber to look for opportunities outside of the U.S. Widespread
unification of cab drivers led to country-wide lawsuits, collective lobbying efforts, and
governmental complaints. Taxi unions fought to retain their dominance by emphasizing
ridesharing’s safety concerns and lack of regulation. By 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, ridesharing companies like Uber
had managed to gain a substantial 29 percent market share, while car rental agencies and taxis
held onto 36 percent and 35 percent shares, respectively.52
Uber viewed the lack of widespread Chinese competition as an additional reason to enter the
market. Prior to entrance, the only major players within China were Kuaidi Dache and Didi
Dache, which would soon merge to form Didi Chuxing. Furthermore, China’s large population
and low vehicles rates meant that Didi and taxi servicers combined could still not meet the
nation’s high transportation demand. As a result, taxi driver backlash and protests were not as
concerning, and Uber anticipated that competitive battles over costumer acquisitions would be
less fierce.53
The appeals of the Chinese market allowed Uber to quickly grow, and aggressive expansion
techniques led to the rapid diffusion of Uber’s brand. By June of 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, five of Uber’s ten largest
cities by volume were in China. In less than two years, Uber had expanded into 60 of the
nation’s most populous cities, and it had hoped to double its presence by 2017.54 Two years
after expansion, Uber also announced that it possessed a modest 30 percent market share
within China, and Uber’s American image had gradually gained familiarity throughout the
nation. Chinese competencies had grown faster than those in North America, and ride volume
in China quickly surpassed that of the U.S. However, costs had also grown much faster, and
quick growth resulted in unsustainable expenses and unexpectedly fierce competitive
battles.55
Ridesharing Difficulties in a Foreign Landscape
Despite early success, Uber quickly found itself amongst a tide of swelling threats.
Governmental and societal backlash emerged as the ridesharing firm grew in popularity. In
addition to growing city-wide mandates, the national government begun to discuss the
possibility of enacting countrywide regulations shortly after Uber’s entrance. Mounting
pressure to regulate and add safety standards threatened Uber’s position. Furthermore, since
there was no formal ruling on the legality of ridesharing at the time of Uber’s entrance, many
wrongly believed that the service was illegal. This lack of clarity resulted in general hesitation by
both drivers and riders.56
In addition to legal and societal opposition, Uber also faced the realities of significant marketing
expenses, driver incentives, and passenger discounts.57 Finding drivers within China had been
much harder than in other international locations due to the nation’s many local and national
vehicle restrictions, including the prohibition of immigrants and out of city workers from
driving. To attract drivers, Uber was forced to pay pricey sign-on bonuses and increase the
percentage of fares that drivers kept.58
At the time of Uber’s entrance, Didi had been using deep subsidies as a tactic to buy passenger
loyalty, expand into new locations, and promote the general image of ridesharing, and Uber
was forced to respond with even more aggressive price cuts. Increased rider incentives, such as
promotional rides and sign up bonuses, meant that Uber was losing money on each ride it
performed. Losses amounted to over US$1 billion in Uber’s first year of entrance.59
In order to support these losses, Uber and Didi both needed to attract funding and investments.
Baidu had been financing Uber China since its inception, and aggressive investment lobby
efforts by Didi resulted in funding from Chinese conglomerates such as Tencent and Alibaba. In
2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online alone, Didi accumulated US$7.3 billion in backing, with most of this funding coming from
Apple, Alibaba, and China Life Insurance. Uber China responded with similar efforts that
resulted in US$5 billion of investments from companies like Toyota and Tiger Global
Management.60
Over time Uber’s tactics put pressure on Didi, and by 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, Didi’s market share had shrunk from
a near monopoly to 60 percent. Furthermore, in the wake of this competitive battle, smaller
companies such as Yidao and Shenzhou begun to emerge, gradually taking their own cut out of
China’s ridesharing market.61 As Uber gained experience in China, it [began] expanding into
smaller and less wealthy tier 3 and 4 cities. The cost of maintenance and acquisition rose with
these expansions as these locations had been isolated from Uber’s impact so far. Expansion and
discounts were required to gain business, but this strategy hurt Uber by adding to its
substantial annual loses. Using subsidies to prioritize growth led to unsustainable losses and
unrealistic demand, and it allowed Didi to gain advantages over Uber.62
A Winning Battle: Didi’s Advantages over Uber
Despite aggressive attempts by Uber to gain a long-lasting position within China, Didi had
multiple advantages that allowed for its long-term sustainability. Didi could better weather the
storm of rampant losses, and its domestic edge would prove to be too impactful for Uber to
compete with.63
Didi Chuxing’s two years of prior experience within China proved to be one of the most
impactful advantages for the firm.64 Didi had historical data on what services, attributes, and
marketing strategies enticed Chinese customers best. While Uber did have more experience
expanding into international locations, China was completely unlike any market it had ever
entered. Didi’s first-to-market entrance countered Uber’s typical business model and left the
firm in an unfamiliar position.65
Having a longer history within China also meant that Didi had a larger presence. While Uber had
hoped to expand into its 100th Chinese location by 2017, Didi was already present in over 400
cities a year prior. Didi was active in nearly as many locations within China as Uber was
globally.66 More importantly, by 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online Didi was profitable in nearly half of its locations. At the
same time, high subsidies and startup costs made Uber unprofitable in every Chinese city it
entered.67
More cities meant more daily rides, and by the end of 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, Didi was performing more than
three times as many trips as Uber. Didi was also offering millions of more rides through private
transportation services like taxis, buses, and limousines. These other transportation steams
further diversified Didi’s capabilities, revenue, and image. Didi’s ranged competences allowed
for greater volume, a more widespread presence, and added service offerings. This, in turn,
translated into more experience, more employees, and more drivers early on.68
A Chinese focus also served as a distinct advantage for Didi. By 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, Uber was active in over 50
unique countries, and each nation presented its own cultural aspects, societal issues, and
regulatory hurdles. And as a result, Uber had to emerge itself in many different global
landscapes. Losses, lawsuits, and protests experienced in countries thousands of miles away all
impacted Uber China. Conversely, Didi was only active within China, and while Uber was
concerned with international failures, Didi could direct all of its efforts at one nation.69
Being a Chinese-based firm presented Didi with more tangible benefits as well.70 Didi had the
support of China’s Investment Corporation, which is particularly important for success within
China as the government will often sway lawsuits and promote legal regulations that benefit
the firms it backs. As a result, CNBC described Uber’s lack of consideration of Chinese
particularities as its greatest weakness, and one analyst noted that, “You can’t win, within
China. When you have great technology and a great business model, but don’t understand
some of those local business premises, West Coast aggressiveness will only get you so far.”71
With funding that outweighed Uber’s by as much as US$2.3 billion, Didi’s investments were
directed at stimulating Chinese growth, and Didi was better positioned to provide deeper
subsidies and discounts. Uber’s investments, however, were often globally scattered, thus
spreading the company thin.72 Didi also formed partnerships with multiple global ridesharing
firms such as Lyft, Ola, and Grab. Didi even strategically invested US$100 million into Lyft in
order to indirectly attack Uber’s domestic operations and distract the firm from its Chinese
battle. Similar investments went to Ola in India and Grab in Singapore.73
Another significant tech investment for Didi came from Apple in 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, totaling US$1 billion.
While Uber’s investments prioritized discounts, Didi’s funding was directed at improving user
experience and other long-term projects.74 Expanded product offerings like city-wide bike
sharing, different car rental classes, carpooling options, and busing lines revitalized the firm.
Didi’s progressive minded leadership constantly looked for ways to improve, while Uber’s
leadership only sought out ways to win. This carefully organized mentality meant larger growth
and a longer life for Didi, and Uber’s plan to use its size and experience to bully its way into
China was fruitless.75
Presenting an Acquisition Proposal
After two years of consecutive US$1 billion losses within China, Uber admitted defeat. Kalanick
had noted that, “China is only possible with profitability,” and he hoped that an alliance would
give Uber the profitability needed to succeed.76
While Didi was better positioned to survive the price war, cooperation with Uber was becoming
increasingly necessary for long-term sustainability.77 Growing pressure by investors to cut
mounting losses within China finally forced Uber to begin negotiations with Didi in May of 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online.
While dialogue was slow at first, Didi quickly prioritized forming an alliance after a rumor
emerged that Lyft had begun working with Page 567Qatalyst Partners LP, a boutique
investment bank known for helping tech companies merge. Fearing a potential Lyft-Uber
merger, Didi sped up negotiations, and on August 1, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, Didi and Uber came to an
agreement.78 Prior to the agreement Didi had 42 million users while Uber China had 10 million.
An alliance between the two created an unbreakable ridesharing powerhouse within China.79
In return for the acquisition of Uber’s Chinese operations, Uber gained a 17.7 percent stake in
Didi. Additionally, Uber’s investors were given a 2.3 percent stake, taking the combined position
up to 20 percent. The deal made Uber the largest stakeholder in Didi, and with Uber China
being valued at US$8 billion, Didi’s total value skyrocketed to US$36 billion (see Figure 3).80
Figure 3 Valuation History: Uber vs Didi
Sources: “Battle of the Decacorns: Uber vs. Didi Chuxing’s Valuations over Time.” CB Insights,
August 5, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online. https://www.cbinsights.com/research/uber-vs-didi-chuxing-valuation-history;
“China’s Ride-Hailing App Didi Gets $500 Million Funding from the Parent of Booking.com.”
Reuters, July 17, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online. https://www.cnbc.com/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/07/17/chinas-ride-hailing-app-didi-gets500-million-funding-from-the-paren.html; “How Uber Could Justify a $120 Billion Valuation.”
Forbes, December 3, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online. https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/12/03/howuber-could-justify-a-120-billion-valuation/#6c2a57e97f9b.
In addition to being given a dominant position in China’s largest ridesharing firm, Uber China
also retained its brand. While Didi did maintain control of Uber China, Uber would remain
within the nation under an independent image. Uber’s app could still be used in China, and the
firm could move forward with its vision of becoming a globally renowned company despite the
fact that its Chinese operations were now under Didi’s jurisdiction. The agreement also
required Didi to invest US$1 billion into Uber’s global locations. Although Uber had received
significantly greater funding in the past, this contribution would be the largest individual
investment Didi had ever made. Additionally, Kalanick would gain a position on Didi’s board of
directors while Wei was granted a spot on Uber’s board.81
Didi’s acquisition of Uber China altered the ridesharing landscape for consumers. While
consumers had typically been the ones to experience the benefits of decreased rates and deep
subsidies, the acquisition of Uber China would ultimately mean the undoing of these incentives.
By 2017, nationwide ridesharing prices had increased. For instance, Beijing, Shanghai, and
Shenzhen saw 12.4 percent, 17.7 percent, and 22.5 percent increases in fare prices,
respectively. Rising prices allowed Didi to implement a new long-run focus on customer
experience, which would ultimately benefit consumers through enhanced technology, services,
and offerings.82
While consumers would experience long-run benefits, Didi and Uber both saw more immediate
gains. Uber was able to shift its focus away from a losing battle and redirect its energy towards
areas of already established success. At the same time, any success by Didi would result in
greater returns on investment for Uber. A growing global presence has been connected to
Uber’s durability, and a newly secured position in China would promote Uber’s long-run
position. With the hopes of going public soon, Uber had realized that losses in China blemished
its financial statements. By eliminating the threat of concentrated losses, Uber was able to
dramatically enhance its financial position and make itself more presentable to investors. As a
result, Uber received a win in a battle that it would have otherwise lost.83
Most importantly, this acquisition allowed Didi to realign its position with its original goals and
values. While Didi had remained focus on advancement even in the midst of its competitive
battle, a price war had nonetheless distracted the firm from its original intentions. The Wall
Street Journal noted that the elimination of this competitive threat, “freed up substantial
resources for bold initiatives focused on the future of cities: from self-driving technology to
food and logistics.”84
While each party benefited substantially, this acquisition did bring about concerns. The
monopolistic power that Didi had acquired through this merger was immediately subjected to
antitrust concerns. Large market dominance and substantial funding meant that no newly
emerged competitor would be able to reasonably compete with Didi, and China’s antitrust
regulators quickly found fault with this monopolistic authority. By the end of 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, China’s
Ministry of Commerce had announced that it would investigate Didi’s position.85
A New Global Leader
The success Didi experienced within China secured the firm’s position as a global ridesharing
leader, and future initiatives will only further strengthen the firm’s image.86 Didi’s profound
knowledge of city congestion and its development strategies, which have proven successful, are
expected to be leveraged in the next phase of growth. China is the only nation with over 100
cities that have a population of at least 1 million, and Didi’s familiarity with transportation
logistics in such a dense area will ensure success in other populous markets.87 With over 550
million users and 31 million drivers, Didi has learned how to successfully handle volume, and as
the firm expands, it should be able to easily control any costs associated with increasing its
size.88
The growing appeal of international expansion can also be linked to the growing threat of
competition within China. While the superiority of Didi’s operations have historically led to a
near dominance within this market, new rivals continuously emerge in attempts to weaken
Didi’s authority. For instance, Alibaba-owned mapping firm, AutoNavi, has recently challenged
Didi with its own ride hailing service. This young ridesharing firm has leveraged its strong
backing from Alibaba and has begun implementing its own City Brain platform, which takes
advantage of its proprietary transportation data to improve ride logistics.89
Didi is facing growing competition in all aspects of its business. For instance, Meituan Dianping
has recently overtaken Didi’s title of world’s largest food delivery servicer by withdrawing from
ridesharing to solely focus on delivery. Niche competitors are taking on specialized challenges
and are finding creative ways to attack specific aspects of Didi’s service lines. Furthermore, new
competitors have mainly been domestic, and these firms have deep local knowledge and
stronger cultural appeal, something which Uber never challenged Didi with. While these young
firms may not possess the same size and authority as Uber, local synergistic advantages put
them in an ideal position to challenge Didi.90
Didi currently manages three distinct research and development centers in which it funnels
investments into vehicle logistics. While Didi’s engineers and data scientists have made
significant strides in hardware improvements, most of the firm’s research involves software
advancement and data collection. Self-driving vehicles and electric cars have been given a longterm focus, and current ventures in data manipulation have allowed Didi to grow its present
position. Investments have allowed Didi to capture realtime data, which it then uses to
maximize travel routes and ride times. Today, the firm’s research mostly involves smart
learning, and practices such as artificial intelligence, computer vision, and natural language
processing all aim at bettering the user experience in anticipation of new competitive battles.91
Dominance within China, a history of growth, and a strong technological position will fuel Didi’s
next wave of expansion. Partnerships appear to be only one aspect of Didi’s global endeavors,
and the firm aims to enter foreign markets under its own brand. While Didi has emphasized
growth, unlike Uber, it has been much less aggressive with expansion. Strategic investments
and partnerships contrast significantly from Uber’s strategy of entering independently and
using price cuts to knock down local competitors. While Uber has seen success in this strategy,
it has seen just as much failure. As Didi moves forward, it believes that its cautiousness will
allow it to avoid Uber’s mistakes, and one Didi spokesperson noted that, “Didi is pursuing a
flexible approach to international expansion rather than a one-size-fits-all strategy.” While Uber
has aimed for entrance speed, Didi realizes that a flexible long-term strategy will avoid conflicts
and generate defendable growth, something which Uber lacks in many of its markets.92
Reigniting a War
As Didi advances towards global ridesharing dominance, it finds itself once again running into
conflicts with Uber. Unlike in China, however, Didi has now become the aggressor.93
With a new focus on international expansion, Didi has targeted Mexico as its first independent
location outside of China. However, opposition follows expansion, and this time around, Uber is
the local monopolistic leader. With an estimated 87 percent market share, Mexico is one of
Uber’s most profitable and protected global locations. Like Didi’s position in China, Uber
dominates within Mexico, and there are no clear local competitors for Didi to partner with even
if it wanted to. Mexico is also the fourth largest market for Uber in terms of users, and only the
U.S., Brazil, and India rival the nation’s volume. While Didi has been attacking Uber’s
dominance within its other principal markets, all of Didi’s past oppositions have been through
partnerships. Since its 2013 entrance, Uber has invested over US$500 million into Mexico, and
stronger blockades have been recently built in anticipation of Didi’s arrival.94
Didi has hit the ground running as it enters Mexico, and dynamic tactics have quickly allowed
the firm to gain a strong reputation within the nation. For instance, Didi has been aggressively
poaching top employees from Uber’s Mexican management team in order to gain insider
information on Uber’s tactics and strategies. Didi employees have Page 569also been
registering as Uber drivers and passengers and are riding incognito within Uber vehicles in
order to gain insight into Uber’s operations. Speaking with Uber’s users and employees has
given Didi firsthand accounts of the flaws and strengths of Uber’s services, and Didi plans on
tailoring its products around Uber’s flaws. With this information, Didi has announced a wider
array of services, and the firm hopes to expand into popular Mexican transportation
alternatives such as bikes, scooters, and motorcycles, all of which Uber has yet to offer.95
Didi has also used driver feedback to alter fee collection processes, and the firm announced
that it would not be accepting cash payments within Mexico. Didi hopes that electronic
payments will help the firm attract drivers, especially considering that thieves have recently
begun targeting Ubers for the surplus cash they tend to have on hand during rides.
Subsequently, Didi believes that its heavy investments in data collection and ridesharing
technology will ensure quicker, more superior services. Didi has been highly methodical as it
enters Mexico, which varies greatly from the “expand now, plan later” strategy that Uber used
in China. As a result of careful planning, Didi has already begun to successfully rival Uber’s
position.96
Despite well-thought out tactics and past successes against Uber, a difficult situation lies ahead
for Didi. Rivaling Uber in Mexico is fundamentally different than anything Didi has ever
attempted. Mexico is Didi’s first effort at building an operation without any partnerships, and
Didi will have no local authority to guide it through this competitive battle. One analyst noted
that, “It is fundamentally different when you’re jumping across an ocean,” and Didi’s lack of
experience with local regulatory and cultural complexities may impede the firm. It is already
clear that the firm has much to learn about western lifestyle. For instance, while recruiting Uber
employees, Didi reportedly hosted interviews during the week of Christmas, a time where most
of Mexico is on vacation. Didi thus far has had difficulty altering its image, and this difficulty is
only exacerbated by the fact that Latin American consumers tend to prefer U.S. brands over
Chinese ones. As a result, Chinese companies have historically struggled in Latin America.
Furthermore, rather than competing on price, Didi hopes that improving services, safety, and
speed will attract customers, yet the Mexican market already appears to be highly price
dependent. To be successful within Mexico, Didi will have to completely alter its image and step
away from its heritage; however, this may prove to be difficult for the firm, especially
considering the success that its culture has brought it during past fights against Uber.97
Uber is prepared to do whatever it takes to retain its dominance. Whether it be increasing
spending on marketing and customer acquisition or investing more heavily in service offerings
and technology, Uber is equipped for the long run. While Didi does have significant bankroll,
the firm may still have difficulty overcoming the complexities of market expansion. With
positions flipped, foreigner Didi will now have to fight against the advantages that allowed it to
succeed in China. While Didi believes that an established position in China will allow it to
overcome any struggles that international expansion may present, Didi’s efforts may
nonetheless end up paralleling those of Uber. As the two firms prepare for the next battle, the
only certainty is the clash—yet the experiences that Didi and Uber have learned from China
may guide them in what is to come.
Questions for Review
1.What was so appealing about the Chinese ridesharing landscape? Specifically, why did Uber
want to enter China?
2.What are some potential threats that American firms face when conducting business within
China? In your opinion, do you think these concerns discredit entrance?
3.What advantages did Didi have to help it win its competitive battle with Uber?
4.What were some of the benefits Didi and Uber China received by merging? Can you think of
any potential detriments?
5.Compare and contrast Uber and Didi’s expansion tactics. Going forward, do you think Uber
should reevaluate this strategy? Provide justification for both sides of the argument.
6.Do you believe Didi or Uber has a more stable financial outlook? Why?
Exercise
After working for Uber Mexico for nearly five years, you and a few other members of Uber
Mexico’s senior management team have been recruited by Didi Chuxing’s Global Expansion
group. Attracted by Didi’s cultural environment and a higher salary, you decide to leave Uber.
Didi is eager to gain insight into Uber’s cultural environment, and as your first assignment, you
have been tasked with assessing and analyzing your previous employer. Specifically, you have
been asked to carefully consider and evaluate Uber’s leadership team and the company culture
that they foster. What has Uber’s management team been doing well, and what weaknesses
can Didi capitalize on in order to make its own company more appealing?
Finally, given your experience with Uber’s Mexican operations, your new employer also asks
you to evaluate the cultural landscape and business environment of Mexico. In relation to Uber,
what has the company done right in Mexico, what should Didi attempt to replicate, and what
mistakes can Didi avoid? How can Didi’s leadership adjust its offerings to be more culturally
relevant?
This case was prepared by Matthew Sepe of Villanova University under the supervision of
Professor Jonathan Doh as the basis for class discussion.
ENDNOTES
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http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online01/09/WS5a541c98a31008cf16da5e76.html.
2.Shlomo Freund, “A Short History of Uber in China: Was It a Failure,” Forbes, August 15, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/shlomofreund/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/08/15/a-short-history-of-uber-in-chinawas-it-a-failure.
3.Leslie Hook, “Uber’s Battle for China,” Financial Times, June 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://ig.ft.com/sites/uber-in-china.
4.Jon Russell and Ingrid Lunden, “Confirmed: Didi Buys Uber China in a Bid for Profit, Will Keep
Uber Brand,” TechCrunch, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://techcrunch.com/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/08/01/Didi-Chuxing-confirms-itis-buying-Ubers-business-in-china.
5.“Didi Completes 7.43b Rides in 2017.”
6.Laura Wood, “Chinese Ride Sharing Market 2017-2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online & 2025,” Cision, June 6, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chinese-ride-sharing-market-2017-2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online–2025-
major-players-are-didi-dida-aa-pinche-laihui-and-tiantian-300661068.html.
7.Sherisse Pham, “China’s $30 Billion Ride-Hailing Market Could Double by 2020,” CNN
Business, May 15, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://money.cnn.com/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/05/15/technology/china-ride-hailingmarket/index.html.
8.“Reducing Traffic Congestion and Emission in Chinese Cities,” World Bank, November 16,
2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/11/16/reducing-traffic-congestionand-emission-in-chinese-cities.
9.Natascha Kuter, “China Acts to Combat Pollution and Traffic Chaos,” DW News, February 26,
2013, https://www.dw.com/en/china-acts-to-combat-pollution-and-traffic-chaos/a-16629782.
10.Raymond Tsang, Pierre-Henri Boutot, and Dorothy Cai, “China’s Mobility Industry Picks Up
Speed,” Bain, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, http://www.bain.cn/pdfs/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online05140617002187.pdf.
11.Peal Chen, “Beijing’s Car Plate Policies,” Global Times, April 17, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1098345.shtml.
12.Emma Hinchliffe, “Uber Is Now Legal in China, but Drivers Have to Play by a New Set of
Rules,” Mashable, July 28, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://mashable.com/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/07/28/uber-legalchina/#sSxO2wEMSiqB.
13.Chris Ciaccia, “Didi Chuxing—the Chinese Ride-Sharing Giant,” Investopedia, October 5,
2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/small-business/012517/didi-chuxing.asp.
14.John Russell, “China’s Top Two Taxi-Hailing Services Confirm That They Will Merge,”
TechCrunch, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://techcrunch.com/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/02/13/kuaidi-dache-didi-dache-merge.
15.Ibid.
16.Catherine Shu, “China’s Two Biggest Taxi Apps Reportedly Considering a Merger,”
TechCrunch, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://techcrunch.com/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/02/13/kuaidi-didi-dache.
17.Charles Custer, “Didi Kuaidi Partners with Lyft and Invests $100M to Take on Uber,” Tech in
Asia, September 16, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://www.techinasia.com/didi-kuaidi-partners-lyft-uber.
18.“Didi Chuxing Invests in Brazil Rival 99,” CNBC, January 4, 2017,
https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/04/didi-chuxing-invests-in-brazil-rival-99.html.
19.Bernard Marr, “AI in China: How Uber Rival Didi Chuxing Uses Machine Learning to
Revolutionize Transportation,” Forbes, November 26, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/11/26/ai-in-china-how-uber-rival-didichuxing-uses-machine-learning-to-revolutionize-transportation/#732f0f1.
20.Kirsten Korosec, “Uber Rival Didi Chuxing Sets Up Shop in Silicon Valley,” Fortune, March 8,
2017, http://fortune.com/2017/03/08/didi-chuxing-silicon-valley.
21.Masha Borak, “Didi Is Using Its New AI Brain to Crack the Toughest Puzzle, Our Cities,”
Technode, January 26, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://technode.com/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/01/26/didi-ai-brain.
22.“Didi Chuxing Loses Rmb4bn in First Half of Year,” Financial Times, September 10, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.ft.com/content/7f6c55dc-b4c5-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe.
23.Rita Liao, “China’s Didi Reportedly Lost a Staggering $1.6 Billion in 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,” TechCrunch,
February, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://techcrunch.com/2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers/02/14/didi-reported-1-6-billion-loss.
24.“Didi Chuxing Loses Rmb4bn in First Half of Year.”
25.Jon Russell, “China’s Didi Chuxing Adds More Safety Features Following Passenger Murder,”
TechCrunch, October 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://techcrunch.com/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/09/26/chinas-didi-chuxing-addsmore-safety-features-following-passenger-murder.
26.“Is $80 Billion Valuation Achievable for Didi Chuxing’s IPO,” Forbes, December 24, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/12/24/is-80-billion-valuationachievable-for-didi-chuxings-ipo/#12fd7ae56211.
27.“Changing the World,” Fortune, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, http://fortune.com/change-the-world/didi-chuxing.
28.“How Do Uou Say “Uber” in Mandarin,” CNBC, May 22, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.cnbc.com/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/05/22/didi-chuxing-2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online-disruptor-50.html.
29.“China’s Resident Disposable Income Rises 6.5% in 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,” China Daily, January 21, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers,
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30.“Meet the Chinese Consumer of 2020,” McKinsey, March 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap,
https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/asia-pacific/meet-the-chinese-consumer-of2020.
31.“China GDP Current US$,” World Bank, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2017&locations=CN&start=1960
&view=chart.
32.Jeff Spross, “What It’s like to Do Business in China,” The Week, August 6, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://theweek.com/articles/788219/what-like-business-china.
33.Thomas Lee, “Why China Protects Its Homegrown Tech Companies,” San Francisco
Chronicle, October 23, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Why-Chinaprotects-its-homegrown-tech-companies-6587101.php.
34.“Chinese Business Management Style,” World Business Culture, March 23, 2017,
https://www.worldbusinessculture.com/country-profiles/china/culture/business-managementstyle.
35.Tekendra Parmar, “New Regulations May Hurt China’s Ride-Hailing Business Didi,” Fortune,
November 15, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, http://fortune.com/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/11/14/didi-chuxing-regulations-china-uber-ridehailing.
36.Shlomo Freund, “A Short History of Uber in China: Was It a Failure,” Forbes, August 15, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/shlomofreund/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/08/15/a-short-history-of-uber-in-chinawas-it-a-failure/#516b27d73386.
37.Dan Blystone, “The Story of Uber,” Investopedia, March 31, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers,
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/111015/story-uber.asp.
38.“About Us,” Uber, https://www.uber.com/us/en/about.
39.“Ride Hailing,” Statista, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers, https://www.statista.com/outlook/368/ride-hailing#marketglobalRevenue.
40.Tanvi Misra, “Global Car, Motorcycle, and Bike Ownership, in 1 Infographic,” City Lab, April
17, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/04/global-car-motorcycle-and-bikeownership-in-1-infographic/390777.
41.“Ride Sharing Market by Type,” Markets and Markets, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/new-reports.html.
42.Harry Wyatt, “Uber Cities,” Uber Estimator, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers, https://uberestimator.com/cities.
43.“Uber Technologies: Statistics and Facts,” Statista, May 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.statista.com/topics/4826/uber-technologies.
44.John Colley, “How Uber Crashed in China,” Smart Company, August 3, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/advice/business-planning/how-ubercrashed-in-china.
45.Suhas Manangi, “Uber’s Global Expansion Strategy: Think Local to Expand Global,” LinkedIn,
July 31, 2017, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ubers-global-expansion-strategy-think-localexpand-work-manangi.
46.Biz Carson, “Where Uber Is Winning the World and Where It Has Lost,” Forbes, September
19, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/09/19/where-uber-is-winning-theworld-and-where-it-has-lost/#f6a16714d6ed.
47.Paayal Zaveri and Deirdre Bosa, “Uber’s Growth Slowed Dramatically in 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,” CNBC,
February 15, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers, https://www.cnbc.com/2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers/02/15/uber-2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online-financial-results.html.
48.Mike Isaac, “Uber Founder Travis Kalanick Resigns as CEO,” New York Times, June 21, 2017,
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick.html.
49.Mike Isaac, “Inside Uber’s Aggressive Unrestrained Workplace Culture,” New York Times,
February 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplaceculture.html?module=inline.
50.Yibo Dai, “Why Uber Survives and Thrives in China,” The Medium, January 19, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://medium.com/yibo-look-into-china/why-uber-survives-and-thrives-in-china-part-1-
9b78bc085e5c.
51.Carlos Barria, “Here’s How Uber Can Win in the Stiffly Competitive Chinese Car Service
Market,” Business Insider, August 25, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay, https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-china2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay-8.
52.Luz Lazo, “Cab Companies Unite against Uber and Other Ride Share Services,” Washington
Post, August 10, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/cabcompanies-unite-against-uber-and-other-ride-share-services.
53.Dai, “Why Uber Survives and Thrives in China.”
54.Davey Alba, “Uber Hits 2 Billion Rides as Growth in China Soars,” Wired, July 18, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://www.wired.com/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/07/uber-hits-2-billion-rides-growth-china-soars-now.
55.Hook, “Uber’s Battle for China.”
56.Ibid.
57.Deborah Findlings, “What Stands between Uber and Success in China,” CNBC, September 15,
2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://www.cnbc.com/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/09/15/what-stands-between-uber-and-success-inchina.html.
58.Colley, “How Uber Crashed in China.”
Page 572
59.“Uber Losing 1 Billion a Year to Compete in China,” Reuters, February 18, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://www.reuters.com/article/uber-china-idUSKCN0VR1M9.
60.Rebecca Feng, “Uber China Hopes to Gain Market Share by Entering Travel Industry,”
Forbes, June 22, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafeng/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/06/22/uber-chinahopes-to-gain-market-share-by-entering-travel-industry/#15fefa8a357e.
61.Hook, “Uber’s Battle for China.”
62.Colley, “How Uber Crashed in China.”
63.Sophia Yan, “Uber Is Losing 1 Billion a Year in China,” CNN Business, February 19, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://money.cnn.com/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/02/19/technology/uber-losing-1-billion-china/index.html.
64.Russell, “China’s Top Two Taxi-Hailing Services Confirm That They Will Merge.”
65.Hook, “Uber’s Battle for China.”
66.Charles Riley and Shen Lu, “Uber Is Planning a Huge Expansion in China,” CNN Business,
September 8, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://money.cnn.com/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/09/08/technology/uber-china/index.html.
67.Eva Dou, “Didi Says It Turns a Profit in More Than Half Its Cities,” Wall Street Journal, June 3,
2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://www.wsj.com/articles/didi-turns-a-profit-in-more-than-half-its-cities-executivesays-1464932408.
68.Erik Crouch, “China’s Ride Wars: Uber vs. Didi,” Tech in Asia, October 30, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service,
https://www.techinasia.com/infographic-didi-kuaidi-uber.
69.Deborah Findlings, “What Stands between Uber and Success in China,” CNBC, September 15,
2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://www.cnbc.com/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/09/15/what-stands-between-uber-and-success-inchina.html.
70.Biz Carson, “9 Incredibly Popular Websites That Are Still Blocked in China,” Business Insider,
July 23, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://www.businessinsider.com/websites-blocked-in-china-2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service-7#facebook-4.
71.Deborah Findling, “What Stands between Uber and Success in China?” CNBC, September 15,
2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://www.cnbc.com/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/09/15/what-stands-between-uber-and-success-inchina.html.
72.Rebecca Feng, “Uber China Hopes to Gain Market Share by Entering Travel Industry,”
Forbes, June 22, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccafeng/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/06/22/uber-chinahopes-to-gain-market-share-by-entering-travel-industry/#15fefa8a357e.
73.Sarah Buhr, “China’s Didi Kuaidi Put 100M into Lyft, Inks Ridesharing Alliance to Rival Uber,”
TechCrunch, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service, https://techcrunch.com/2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service/09/16/ubers-rivals-didi-kuadi-and-lyft-forminternational-ridesharing-partnership.
74.Julia Love, “Apple Invests 1 Billion in Chinese Ride Hailing Service Didi Chuxing,” Reuters,
May 12, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-china/apple-invests-1-billion-inchinese-ride-hailing-service-didi-chuxing-idUSKCN0Y404W.
75.James Crabtree, “Didi Chuxing Took on Uber and Won. Now It’s Taking On the World,”
Wired, February 9, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/didi-chuxing-china-startups-uber.
76.Rick Carew, “The Road to the Uber Didi Deal,” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-road-to-the-uber-didi-deal-1470129702.
77.Avery Hartmans, “Here’s What Made Didi Finally Want to Merge with Uber in China,”
Business Insider, August 2, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://www.businessinsider.com/why-didi-merged-withuber.
78.Carew, “The Road to the Uber Didi Deal.”
79.“Didi Merger with Uber Grows Monthly Active User Base by 40% in China,” NewZoo,
https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/didi-merger-with-uber-grows-monthly-active-user-baseby-40-in-china.
80.Carew, “The Road to the Uber Didi Deal.”
81.Alyssa Abkowitz, “Uber Sells China Operations to Didi Chuxing,” Wall Street Journal, August
1, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-s-didi-chuxing-to-acquire-rival-uber-s-chineseoperations-1470024403.
82.Josh Horwitz, “One Year after the Uber Didi Merger, It’s Only Getting Harder to Hail a Ride in
China,” Quartz, August 3, 2017, https://qz.com/1045268/one-year-after-the-uber-didi-mergerits-only-getting-harder-to-hail-a-ride-in-china.
83.Jon Russell, “Uber’s Deal with Didi Is a Win-Win for Everyone Except the Anti Uber Alliance,”
TechCrunch, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://techcrunch.com/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/08/01/ubers-deal-with-didi-is-a-win-win-foreveryone-except-the-anti-uber-alliance.
84.Alyssa Abkowitz and Rick Carew, “Uber Sells China Operations to Didi Chuxing,” Wall Street
Journal, August 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-s-didi-chuxing-to-acquire-rival-ubers-chinese-operations-1470024403.
85.“Didi Uber Merger under Antitrust Investigation,” Xinhua, November 11, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online,
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online-11/16/c_137611764.htm.
86.Lucinda Shen, “After Soft Bank Investment, Uber Is No Longer World’s Most Valuable
Unicorn,” Fortune, January 20, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, http://fortune.com/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/01/19/uber-softbank-didiworth-most-valuable-startup.
87.Company Info, Uber, https://www.uber.com/newsroom/company-info.
88.Jane Zhang, “Didi By the Numbers,” South China Morning Post, January 23, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers,
https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/2181542/didi-numbers-ride-hailing-firmcovered-more-miles-2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online-5-earth.
89.Masha Borak, “Alibaba’s AutoNavi Launches Ride Hailing Service in Bid to Become a Mobility
Mega Platform,” Technode, July 11, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://technode.com/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/07/11/alibaba-autonaviamap-ride-hailing.
90.Yingzhi Yang, “Meituan Dianping to Halt Ride Hailing Expansion in China Amid Crisis at
Industry Leader Didi,” South China Morning Post, September 6, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2162926/meituan-dianping-halt-ride-hailingexpansion-china-amid-crisis.
91.Bernard Marr, “AI in China: How Uber Rival Didi Chuxing Uses Machine Learning to
Revolutionize Transportation,” Forbes, November 26, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online/11/26/ai-in-china-how-uber-rival-didichuxing-uses-machine-learning-to-revolutionize-transportation/#78911ad06732.
92.Josh Horwitz, “This Ride Hailing Giant’s Global Expansion Playbook Is the Opposite of
Uber’s,” Quartz, February 9, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://qz.com/1203151/didis-global-expansion-playbook-isthe-opposite-of-ubers.
93.Sara O’Brien, “Uber Says It Lost 1.8 Billion in 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online,” CNN Business, February 15, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers,
https://www.cnn.com/2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers/02/15/tech/uber-2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online-financial-report/index.html.
94.Julia Love, “Uber Says It Has Invested 500 Million in Mexico Since 2013,” Reuters, July 18,
2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-uber/uber-says-it-has-invested-500-millionin-mexico-since-2013-idUSKBN1K80AJ.
95.Julia Love and Heather Somerville, “How China’s Ride Hailing Giant Didi Plans to Challenge
Uber in Mexico,” Reuters, March 19, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-didimexico/how-chinas-ride-hailing-giant-didi-plans-to-challenge-uber-in-mexico-idUSKBN1GV0E0.
96.Ibid.
97.Ibid.

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