Write 5-7 Sentences each for 10 of these questions in APA style
Write a page paper – Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in toddlerhood.
Explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth.
Write a page paper – Describe the advances in (a) fine and (b) gross motor development that take place during toddlerhood.
Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood.
Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development.
Compare and contrast Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development with Piaget’s theory.
Write a page paper – Describe the milestones in language development that are reached during the toddler years.
Discuss Vygotsky’s theory of language development.
What are the specialized brain areas responsible for language comprehension and language production? Where are they located? Why might language comprehension precede language production?
Discuss the (a) evolutionary and (b) biological arguments for language development.
Identify how parents’ stimulation of toddlers’ language varies across cultures and evaluate how these variations relate to language development.
Write a page paper – Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes.
Discuss sociomoral emotions and explain why these emotions might exist.
Write a page paper – Describe Harlow’s study of Rhesus Monkeys and explain the implications that can be made for attachment and bonding.
Write a page paper – Describe the essential features of attachment theory and identify the four classifications of attachment.
Discuss Ainsworth’s “strange situation” experiment. If you were to conduct an experiment to test for toddler’s attachment to their parents, what research design and methods would you use?
Define gender identity and discuss how it is different than biological sex. Discuss some ways that gender socialization occurs in the U.S.
Compare traditional cultures and developed countries on the typical patterns of father involvement with infants and toddlers.
Identify the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder and specify how it affects prospects for children as they grow to adulthood
Early Childhood Development Questions
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1. At around the age of 3, children begin to lose chubbiness, and the toddlers are bound to acquire the leaner and more athletic look that is relatively characterized by childhood. Their limbs, as well as trunk, grows longer while the appearance of their stomach tightens. Besides, the abdominal muscles form. The physical growth of toddlers continues at a reduced pace compared to their period of infancy. However, it remains faster than any other time in the child’s life. Both the physical and cognitive forms of development might be inhibited by micronutrient deficiencies as well as the lack of proteins in their bodies.
2. Nutritional deficiencies can affect growth while also leading to a vast array of problems such as weak growth of the bone, skin disorders, problems with digestion, and even dementia in some cases. These deficiencies can also lead to other harmful effects such as loss of appetite and the delayed healing of wounds. On the other hand, these deficiencies produce morbid conditions as well as chronic health issues that include rickets, goiter, iron deficiency anemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis, among other health issues. As such, it is vital to promote food fortification to prevent and treat nutrition deficiencies.
3. During toddlerhood, two forms of advances take place; fine and gross motor advances. The gross motor advances involve the use of large movements of the body, such as jumping, running, and skipping, among others. In the traditional culture, toddlers are often restricted from moving to protect them from danger, such as being around knives and cooking fires. As for the fine motor skills, they entail the involvement of small bodily movements such as writing and drawing. Comparatively, the fine skills develop more slowly than the gross ones. At the age of three, toddlers might be in a position to brush their teeth without requiring adult assistance.
4. The weaning process during early infancy is structured around exclusive breastfeeding. The reason is that the mother’s milk contains a variety of nutrients that are vital to the growth and development of the baby. It is also during this period, 4-6 months since conception, that the baby is most delicate from any other form of food. As for weaning latter in toddlerhood, the baby can be introduced to solid foods or bottle-feeding while ensuring to maintain social interaction and the love since it helps not only to attend to the child’s physical needs but also their emotional, cognitive, and social ones. In most cases, toddlers often refuse to wean when it happens during the second or third year. In traditional cultures, various customs are used to promote weaning, such as coating their mother’s breast with something unpleasant or even having the toddler visit a relative.
5. Lev Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development is structured around the socio-cultural aspects of development based on the cognitive angle. The Russian psychologist claimed that social learning prevails before the child can undergo cognitive development. He also stated that the child actively constructs knowledge. According to him, social interaction is crucial to the development of cognition for a child. The critical idea in Vygotsky’s theory is the analogy that he presents between mental and practical human activities (Zinchenko & Pervichko, 2013). In his resonance, the social, mental process is founded on a significant characteristic that is mediated by tools just like it happens in human labor. Nonetheless, these tools are the special ones and psychological ones that entail symbols, language, signs, as well as concepts. Therefore, culture acts as the required mediator that facilitates the formation of various abilities such as problem-solving, decision making, and learning, among many others.
6. While Vygotsky’s theory is founded on the belief that the child is a social being, and since social interactions facilitate cognitive development, the child can become cognitive in this way. On the contrary, Piaget’s theory is more focused on the idea that the child is independent, which means that their development is influenced by the concentrated activities as well as self-centeredness. Besides, Piaget claims that the ability of a toddler to develop mental representations occurs around the second year after birth. This proceeds to form the basis for the aspects of cognitive functioning in the future, such as language. Mental image also facilitates categorization as well as deferred imitation. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky focused on the aspect of cultural bias as it relates to cognitive development to develop a rationale for how children can acquire cultural knowledge from adults.
7. Various milestones are reached during the toddler years when it comes to language development. One of these is the preproduction that occurs between 0-6 months, and the infant cannot verbalize and has minimal comprehension. Subsequently, between 6months and one year, early production occurs, which is characterized by limited understanding, and the output of one-word responses. The speech emergence milestone follows at the period between 1-3 years, and the baby can produce simple sentences with god comprehension. At the intermediate fluency stage, which is between 3-5 years, the baby has excellent awareness. Finally, at the advanced level, the child has a level of speech that is near-native.
8. Lev Vygotsky established a theory of language development that is structured around social learning in addition to the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). At the ZPD, the child engages in social interactions, which marks the distance between the actual learning process and their potential to learn. According to him, language forms the basis and framework for thinking.
9. The specific part of the brain that is responsible for language comprehension is Wernicke’s area that works with the insular cortex, angular gyrus, and basal ganglia. For language production, the Broca’s area is responsible (Kozakewich, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). These specialized parts are located in the left part of the brain. The reason why language comprehension precedes production is that the brain has to capture the information, process it, analyze it, and understand it before letting it out.
10. There are various arguments for language development, such as the biological and evolutionary ones. As for the evolutionary case, it claims that language is a cultural institution or a system that can be heard or spoken by individuals. It also argues that language only exists within a collectivity that is determined by virtue of a sort of contract reached by community members. Based on the anatomy, the capacity of language is more structured around the development of early hominids that lived over 2 million years ago. As for the biological argument, language is an ability that is reached through the speech production skills and abilities in addition to the multisensory integration of sensory capabilities for processing. The larynx around the throat makes language possible.
References
Kozakewich, M. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). Individual Predictors of First and Second Language Sixth-Grade Writing Performance From Kindergarten and Grade 1 Literacy Variables (Doctoral dissertation, McGill University).
Zinchenko, Y. P., & Pervichko, E. I. (2013). Nonclassical and postnonclassical epistemology in Lev Vygotsky’s cultural-historical approach to clinical psychology. Psychology in Russia: State of the art, 6(1).
