Department stores conduct numerous transactions based on the business activities they carry out

Department stores conduct numerous transactions based on the business activities they carry out. These businesses may be between the department store and the customers, other companies, or their suppliers. Suppliers could be independent vendors who place their products at the store and are paid after sales are made and hence the need to record all these transactions. Sales transactions have to be detailed so that the store knows which vendor is making sales. Purchases include transactions made to acquire items that will be necessary for the continued running of the store by the department store itself. Vendors can use receipts to file for claims if they are not paid. Payment transactions mean that the store has received money from the represented vendors it sells its items for at any of their branches. Database solutions that correlate with the business ideas of the departmental store play a major role in the implementation of the business operations.
This paper analyses various database solutions for a departmental store. Plan 1: Store Transaction ldentification The first step to implementing a database solution in the local department store will be to identify all the transactions that are crucial to tasks and operations. For the most part, the department store databases will comprise of retail sales data that will be collected from the different kinds of transactions. The following are some of the transactions that occur within the local department store;
i. lnventory management transactions ii. Payment transactions iii. Sales transactions iv. Receipt transactions Plan 2: Designing a Database Solution Designing a database solution for the local department store will entail identifying essential components for the database management system. They are as follows; i) Database Schema- this will involve designing a conceptual model to define the database structure, like tables and constraints.
ii) Tables- will be used as the primary unit of storing data in the store’s database. There will be multiple tables, for instance, employee table, product table, inventory table, a supply table, supplier table, and payment table among others.
iii) Keys- will enable the department store to have the ability to control the integrity of data its stores in the database.
Various keys will be used, such as primary keys and foreign keys.
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Various keys will be used, such as primary keys and foreign keys.
iv) Data types- the department store will utilize various types of data. They include alphanumeric datatypes, which will be used to store special characters, numbers, characters, and their combination (Coronel & Morris, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). The store will also use numeric data to save numeric values only as well as date and time data type to store the values of time and date in the database.
Plan 3: Evaluating Database Relationships Following designing a database solution at the department store, it will also be crucial to evaluate the relationships that will exist in the database. The following diagram is an illustration of a sample database and the relationship existing between the entities in the local department store.
i) One-to-one relationship- this type of relationship will exist in the database whereby one record in a table will be related to only one other in another table. For instance, this relationship will exist between the records in the ‘Staff LoginTable’ and the ‘Passwords’ table as shown below.
ii) One-to-many relationship- this type of relationship will exist in the database whereby one record in a table can be related to many other records in another table (Coronel & Morris, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). For example, the ‘Customers’ table will illustrate this type of relationship with the ‘Sales’ table.
Likewise, the ‘Shops’ table will have a one-to-many relationship with the ‘Sales’ table.
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Likewise, the ‘Shops’ table will have a one-to-many relationship with the ‘Sales’ table.
iii) Many-to-many relationship- this type of relationship will occur where one or more records in one table can be related to one or many records in another table. This relationship will exist between records in the ‘Products’ table and the ‘Shops’ table.
Plan 4: Big Data Tools Analysis As with many enterprise scenarios, data can sometimes exceed processing capacity, move too fast, or the volume of data is too big (Morabito, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). As a result, enterprises require the implementation of specific tools to help manage the infrastructure. At the local department store, for instance, Big Data tools will be used for forecasting sales and inventory. Simply stated, the big data tools will enable marketing and sales to identify changes when it comes to consumer behavior in addition to sales cycle patterns at both micro and macro.
ln the first place, Big Data tools will be used for forecasting sales. Forecasting will provide a more in-depth and meaningful understanding of how the market is likely to evolve and what the enterprise will have to do to gain competitive advantage. As such, the Big Data tools will provide the feature of analytics, whereby the enterprise will be able to anticipate the likely effects of changing variables, such as market conditions and marketing campaigns. Also, the Big Data tools will be utilized to improve forecasting by establishing stronger collaboration between the administrative and finance department. This way, the enterprise will generate stronger insights from a greater variety and volume of data (Morabito, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Rather than just come up with suggestions, the Big Data tools will provide the finance department with more confidence in their figures while at the same time the administration will have more faith in the suggestions of the finance department.
The Big Data tools will also be utilized for inventory of the department store in some ways. For starters, the Big Data tools will be used to improve operational efficiency whereby the store’s operations manager will have overviews of the real-time operations. This way, the manager will have better metric access that will improve efficiency (Pal, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). The Big Data tools will also be used for inventory to maximize sales and profits. The tools will enable the department store to manage profit margins with much better insights than before. Similarly, the Big Data tools will be used for inventory management to increase customer service levels. The tools will enable the department store to have access to real-time consumer demand patterns that will assist in matching inventory with the clients’ orders accurately; in turn, increasing customer service levels. Also, the tools will be used to predict spikes or trends in consumer demand that will facilitate proper inventory in the department store.
SQL Stored Procedures The local department store is growing, and so is the data it collects and analyses. Apart from implementing a proficient database solution, it is likewise crucial to managing the system. One way to improve database efficiency is through utilizing Stored Procedures that use SQL functions. These functions are statements given an assigned name, which is then stored in the relational database system that the department store will use as a group, to promote reuse and shared by all the stores (Rankins, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Accordingly, the department store could choose to implement either one of the following stored procedures;
i) Stored Procedures with Set Parameters Values At the local department, the sales associates will use the stored procedures to perform explanatory as well as predictive analytics. ln this type of procedure call, the query in the database is set to retrieve one set of data at a time (Dewson, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). This way, the sales associate will be able to perform predictive analytics.
An example to illustrate this type of stored procedure is one that will query the ‘lnventory.
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An example to illustrate this type of stored procedure is one that will query the ‘lnventory. Product’ table from the ‘lnventoryRegA’ database. This procedure will limit the records it finds to one parameter that will be set by the sales associates. The working SQL code will be as follows;
USE lnventoryRegA GO CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.uspGetProduct @City nvarchar (20) AS SELECT * FROM lnventory.Product WHERE City = @City The stored procedure will then be executed as follows; EXEC dbo.uspGetProduct @City = ‘California’ The stored procedure will enable the sales associates in predictive analytics because they will identify where the product sales are highest and narrow down to pinpoint the culminating factor behind the performance.
ii) Stored Procedures with Default Parameter Values This type of stored procedure is one that will enable the sales associates not to pass in any specific parameter value; in turn, proving useful in explanatory analytics. The stored procedure does not return any particular data since it will provide a general result of the aspect the sales associates will want to determine.
The SQL code for the stored procedure will be as follows;
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The SQL code for the stored procedure will be as follows;
USE lnventoryRegA GO CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.uspGetProduct @City nvarchar (20) = NULL AS SELECT * FROM lnventory.Product WHERE City = lSNULL (@City, City) The stored procedure will use the ‘lSNULL’ function so that when the sales associates pass a value, the procedure will use it to narrow down the final set of the result; in turn, assisting in explanatory analytics. On the contrary, if a value will not be passed, the procedure will return all the records, which will also be useful in analytics.
Stored Procedures will offer the sales associates a lot of advantages. When it comes to expanding their business value within the region, however, the Stored Procedures with Set Parameters will offer higher value. ln the first place, the associates will need to determine whether the products and services will be successful as with other regions.
To do so, it will be necessary to perform predictive analytics.
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To do so, it will be necessary to perform predictive analytics. The department store will implement tools to achieve predictive analytics that will use data in the database. Since the department store has multiple stores, the data will be in huge volumes; therefore, it will be challenging to write commands one at a time. Accordingly, the Stored Procedures with Set Parameter Values will then be used to collect the required data from the database in a short time. This way, the sales associates will be able to perform multiple predictive analytics in a short time to establish the best region to expand alongside the factors that will improve competitive advantage.
Plan 5: lmplementing a Cloud Hosted Solution Types of Costs Estimation Apart from local server storage, it is advisable for the local department store to implement cloud storage that will enhance agility as well as mobility. The cloud services will provide a lot of significant advantages, especially when it comes to expanding to new regions; however, the department store will have to design a proper pricing structure to avoid miscellaneous allocation. As such, the following is a structure of the type of costs that will need to be considered when implementing a cloud-hosted solution for the database.
i) Cloud Computing Services and Cloud Type costs- this cost will establish the various kinds of cloud computing services that the department store could choose to adopt.
There are many cloud computing services, which are unique in their ways.
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There are many cloud computing services, which are unique in their ways. ln line with Sarna, their pricing will differ, and the department store will need to select the one that best meets its financial capability (2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer). Besides, there are different categories of cloud computing services payment, such as premium or basic. The department store will also need to establish which will be more cost-effective. The pricing structures that most vendors use are based on monthly, or hourly rates, storage, and network pricings. The standard pricing for hourly rates depends on the SQL instance ranging from 600MB to 416 GB RAM. The size will then determine the price per hour, which may be as low as 0.0150 dollars to 8.0480 dollars (GoogleCloud, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers).
ii) Service Provider Costs- cloud computing services are agile and mobile because of how they are hosted online. Accordingly, the services require data services for access. The department store, as such, will have to establish the various service provider costs available. The department store will have to take into account this cost in particular since the volume of data to be migrated is going to be huge.
On average, it costs $125 per user per month.
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On average, it costs $125 per user per month.
iii) Service Charge costs – hosting cloud computing services are also going to cost money. The department store will have to incur the costs of hosting the services online so that all the departments have constant and secure access to the virtual database. For an entire organization, it will cost $15000 per month.
iv) lmplementation costs- once the department store selects a particular cloud company, the implementation will also incur costs. This will include purchasing the required equipment for all the services that will be executed. When it comes to storage, there are three options which include SSD, Standard, and Backups. Storage is charged monthly with SSD going for .17 dollars per GB per month. That is the highest rate while Standard storage is charged a low of 0.09 dollars per GB per month.
v) Configuration costs- the department store will also incur configuration and set-up costs. The individuals who will configure the system will have to be paid; this way, the store should consider this as well. The average cost of configuring a single server is approximately $400. For the back office of an organization, it costs about $15000.
vi) lntegration and migration costs- the integration of the cloud computing services together with migration will incur several charges, such as data services, testing and debugging functions, as well as installation services. The average cost of migration and integration is estimated to be about $35000 for an organization.
vii) Training Costs- following the implementation of the cloud computing services in the department store, the next step will be to train the personnel on how to utilize the services effectively. The training of staff and hiring of experts in the sector will result in costs. There is no fixed price for training as it depends on the size of the company, location and objectives of the training. For a mid-sized organization, it costs about $1000 to train a single employee.
viii) Support and Maintenance Costs- this cost will not be as costly, but it will be essential since it will ensure that the cloud computing services perform as expected and receive constant updates in line with maintenance. For backups, the price is fair since it is the most economical and goes for 0.08 dollars per GB per month.
Security Considerations and Pricing Cloud computing is more than just server virtualization. As a result, the department store will have to take into account several security considerations of the cloud implementation types. Even though virtualization assumes a remarkable job in cloud computing, it is not possible to have a cloud without virtualization, but instead, you can have virtualization without cloud (Sarna, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer). Cloud-facilitated applications must actualize robust security, utilizing various resistance levels that supplement each other to give information insurance in multiple ways, under various conditions, and against both inward and outer dangers. When arranging a security technique, the department store will have to take into consideration the accompanying rules:
Filtering- this is a security consideration whereby the department store will consider the data that it will choose to migrate to the cloud servers (Aljawarneh, 2013). The department store will have vast volumes of data, some of which are going to be sensitive. As a result, it will need to consider which data it will filter and store in local remote servers and the data that it will migrate to the online cloud servers.
Different cloud computing organizations utilize different plans and models for pricing. The most well-known is the “pay-as-you-go” option where the department store will choose to pay a fixed cost for each unit of utilization. Likewise, the store can opt for the “pay for assets” price option where it will pay for the measure of data transmission and capacity use.
Membership consideration- the department store will need to establish whether the cloud computing company it selects will offer an option where it pays ahead of time for the storage services for a pre-characterized timeframe.
Cloud Service Options At the department, various cloud service options will provide distributed transaction concurrency; also, perform efficiently in mobility and functionality. They are as follows; i) Software as Service (SAS) is intended for the end-clients of the stores’ products and services, whereby it is conveyed over the web. lt puts a large portion of the duty regarding security management with the cloud supplier and is customarily utilized for administrations, for example, managing the consumer relationship as well as accounting (Aljawarneh, 2013). ln terms of functionality, this type of service option will match the business requirements of the department store; in turn, proving to be a vital aspect of productivity.
ii) Platform as Service (PaaS) is the arrangement of the features and mechanisms intended to make coding and deployment a process that is brisk and effective. lt is like the SAS service option, yet, regularly incorporates further application-explicit programming to enable organizations to make services and products that are customized (Aljawarneh, 2013). For instance, an organization utilizing the PaaS service option could build up its very own custom cloud software to carry out some particular command, while the SAS service option, for the most part, executes as per given in its present condition. Most PaaS contributions are multi-inhabitant; implying that a portion of the features offered might be imparted to different parts of the department store. This means it is crucial for the department store to have a very much characterized trust relationship with the supplier on security issues, for example, get to, source code dissemination, route history, and application use.
iii) lnfrastructure as Service (lAS) is the equipment and programming that powers everything servers, stockpiling, arranges and working frameworks. With this service option, the department store will receive a more unified, adaptable cloud bundle that offers more tightly authority over numerous aspects of a conventional lT framework as compared to SAS or PaS (Aljawarneh, 2013). By utilizing this service option, the local department store will pay on a per-use premise to get to services and features, and can likewise tap the practical framework that underpins virtual pictures, systems administration and capacity situations for extra control. Regularly, the lAS service option will be offered as a private cloud, giving the department store complete inside command over access and security.
Plan 6: Evaluating the use of a Distributed DBMS structure Tentatively, the local store will benefit from utilizing a distributed DBMS structure because of several reasons. First of all, the distributed DBMS structure will enable scalability in that the store will be able to expand as needed (Rahimi & Haug, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer). For instance, the store will be able to add more data, increase the size of the databases, and add more records. Second, the structure will also reduce redundancy since multiple machines will have the ability to execute similar services, which means that when one fails the entire system does not fail as well. As a result of eliminating redundancy, the overall performance of the store will improve since it will be able to achieve parallelism. More importantly, given the growing nature of the department store, the DBMS will be useful because it will increase availability and reliability. The database will be available at all times, and the system will also run as required.
And so, the use of a distributed DBMS structure is appropriate for the department store.
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And so, the use of a distributed DBMS structure is appropriate for the department store.
There are several optimization techniques that the department store should factor to enhance the operations of the distributed DBMS structure.
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There are several optimization techniques that the department store should factor to enhance the operations of the distributed DBMS structure. They include; i) Partitioning- technique will involve breaking single tables in the databases into sections that will then be stored in multiple files.
ii) lndexing- technique will involve selecting the best indexes and options to facilitate effective queries. iii) Denormalization- technique will involve utilizing a logical design process that will achieve better query performance (Coronel & Morris, 2017).
iv) Clustering- the technique of administering the physical sequence of data on disk locations. v) Compression- technique will involve reducing storage requirements algorithmically to improve faster retrieval and sharing of data.
Plan 7: Analysis of Lost Updates and Uncommitted Data Lost updates are a simultaneousness control issue in which information refreshes are lost amid the simultaneous execution of exchanges (Coronel & Morris, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). On the other hand, uncommitted data occurs at the point at which when endeavoring to accomplish concurrency control, uncommitted data causes issues with information consistency and trustworthiness. These issues happen when two or more transactions are executed together, and the initial transaction is rolled back after the second transaction has just gotten to the uncommitted data, in this way going against the transaction property of isolation. Lost updates issue may happen when two transactions running concurrently with one another, for example, Action1 and Action2, are refreshing similar data components and one of the updates is overwritten or lost by the other transaction(s).
Examples of how lost updates and uncommitted data may occur in the department store are as follows;
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Examples of how lost updates and uncommitted data may occur in the department store are as follows;
i) Whenever there is an extreme interest for any product or service, then the item subtleties are to be refreshed in all stores. The department that is accountable for putting requests will ask for the required amount of the specific product or service, while in the meantime from all five stores. This condition can prompt a lost update or uncommitted data if any of the request or transaction is executed, yet not refreshed in the database.
ii) Uncommitted data and lost updates may occur in the department store when creating business reports. Each of the five stores will have to be accessed to collect all the required data. When this request happens, another transaction may occur. For instance, one of the stores may be updating records at the same time. Following this situation, uncommitted data and lost updates will happen when the initial request for data of all the stores gets completed while at the same time the second transaction of updating records at one of the stores gets completed. The two concurrent transactions will result in lost data.
Plan 8: Determining Concurrency Control Factors The local department store will also need to determine concurrency control factors that will be used to guarantee valid execution of transactions. According to Thomasian (2013), concurrency refers to the ability of the distributed DBMS structure to process and execute multiple transactions concurrently. Accordingly, the following are the four essential concurrency control factors;
i) Atomicity- this control factor will ensure that each of the transactions in the DBMS is atomic in that they are either not executed at all or are executed entirely.
This factor will reduce the chances of lost updates or uncommitted data.
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This factor will reduce the chances of lost updates or uncommitted data.
ii) Consistency- this concurrency control factor will ensure that the state of the database will remain consistent following every successful transaction. iii) lsolation- in this control factor, every single transaction in the database will not make its updates or modifications visible to other transactions until it the one currently in execution is successfully completed.
iv) Durability- lastly, this concurrency control factor will guarantee that when a transaction has made an update or a modification to the database, and the change is executed, this modification or update will remain permanent and will be accessible to all other ensuing transactions.
Plan 9: Analysis of Backup and Restoration Recovery Solutions The department store will need to take into consideration various options concerning backup and restoration recovery for its data. ln order to make sure that the department store will not experience a single point of failure, the following are potential solutions for the backup and restoration recovery;
i) Recovery Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage r- this solution will be integrated with sessions that will run on the store’s local server. The tool will be used to execute a variety of backup and recovery activities while at the same time upholding a repository of data.
ii) Traditional backup and recovery- in this type of solution, the department store will have the ability to backup data on multiple locations. Accordingly, the Recovery Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage r option is more appropriate for the local department store when it comes to the solution for database backup and recovery. The reason is that by using the solution, the department store will be able to execute similar types of backup and recovery that is available through user-managed methods more efficiently and also provides a standard interface for back up tasks (Kelley, 2013).
Plan 10: Assessment of Security Threats and Measures When managing the database of the department store, various security threats might come into existence. These are; i) SQL lnjection threats- following a successful SQL lnjection attack, hackers and individuals with malicious intents could gain unrestricted access to the entire database system of the department store (Gupta et al., 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). This type of attack entails inserting data and records or malicious database statements without authorization into a susceptible SQL data station, for instance, the online web applications of the store.
ii) Malware threats- these are progressive attacks that use a variety of mechanisms to gain access to the database system and steal sensitive data. Malware threats include spear publishing emails (Shostack, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).
iii) Denial of Service attacks- this type of threat will occur when the network or the database system of the department store is overwhelmed by multiple running actions that make the resources unavailable to the intended consumers for an indefinite or temporary period.
Following the security threats identified, discovery alone is not enough. The department store will need to implement various measures to minimize threats. The following are some of the possible mitigation methods;
i) User rights measures- following this security measure will involve identifying and clearly defining the privileges of the users of the database system. Each personnel in the department store will be granted login credentials and access rights as per their job position level. This way, the department store will mitigate potential threats.
ii) Data Protection measures- will facilitate and promote data integrity and confidentiality. These will include implementing software solutions, like antiviruses and firewalls. Conclusion The five stores recently launched will perform better with a database that meets the needs of management. They will therefore be able to improve economically and in service delivery. This is achievable through the use of the database information where the company can predict the interests of the consumers. Due to the vast size of business, it will be vital to adopt a cloud database based on preferred pricing options. With a distributed database system, retrieval of information will be easier and cost-effective. Overall, it is vital to protect the database from malware by training the staff so that they are familiar with the required standards.

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