Case Study essay

ADJUTANT GENERAL
SCHOOL
Effective Writing Handbook
for NCOES
February 2021 2
Adjutant General School
Effective Writing Handbook
SECTION I: GENERAL
1. Instructors will grade assignments on both content and grammar. The minimum
passing score is 80 out of 100 points. Instructors will mark errors using the grading
scale in SECTION III. Repeated errors, such as the same misspelled word, will count
only once. When grading assignments, instructors will deduct points for major and
minor errors as follows:
2. Students scoring less than 80% on an assignment must rewrite the assignment.
Students may rewrite each assignment only once and may not rewrite more than three
assignments during the course. Students will retain the original failing score for grading
purposes.
3. Instructors will determine final grades by averaging the scores for all required written
assignments. Writing scores do figure in the academic grade point average.
Additionally, the Academic Evaluation Report (AER) reflects a written communication
skills rating.
4. Instructors will deduct 10 points for a late assignment. If an assignment is more than
48 hours late, the student will receive no more than 80%. If you anticipate turning in an
assignment late, talk to your instructor.
Superior
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory
90 – 100
80 – 89
79 and below
Major Errors = 5 points
Minor Errors = 2 points
February 2021 3
SECTION II: CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM
1. You must do your own original work. Each assignment is a take-home/out-ofclassroom assignment.
2. Students may discuss assignment topics and are encouraged to have another
student proofread, edit, and/or read their drafts or final documents prior to turning them
in.
3. The chain of command will handle all incidents of cheating. Incidents of cheating or
plagiarism may result in elimination from the course.
February 2021 4
SECTION III: GRADING SCALE
MINOR ERRORS (- 2 POINTS) MAJOR ERRORS (- 5 POINTS)
Comma Splice (CS) Logic (LOG)
Non-Parallel Sentence (NON II) Bottom Line Up Front (BLUF)
Awkward (AWK) Failure to Follow Instructions (FFI)
Misplaced Modifier (MM) Passive Voice (PAS)
:RUG Incorrectly Identify a Sentence as Passive
Repetitive (REP) Spelling (SP)
Word Choice (WC) Subject-Verb Agreement
Punctuation (PUNC) Organization
Capitalization (CAP)
0LOLWDU 6WOH (UURU 06
Unclear or Vague
Awkward Verb Tense
Spacing Errors
)RUPDW (UURUV
GENERAL GUIDANCE
1. There are one spaces after a colon, a period, and after the state and before the zip
code in an address.
2. There is one space after a comma or a semicolon.
3. Do not use abbreviations in your assignments for the Adjutant General School
unless you define them first. There are no abbreviations in addresses unless
specifically stated in the chapter.
4. Always use AR 25-50 as the reference for proper format.
5. Look under chapters for specific guidance for letters and memorandums.
6. Express military time and dates appropriately.
7. Know your rules for punctuation and capitalization.
8. Spelling does count.
9. All military correspondence is in Arial 12 point.
10. Signature blocks begin at the center of the page.
11. Margins are generally always 1 inch on all sides.
February 2021 5
SECTION IV: ACTIVE VOICE
1. The Army goal is to limit the use of passive voice. Limited use of passive voice is the
course standard (one passive sentence per page). You must highlight any occurrence
of passive voice. If you highlight a sentence that is not passive, you will have points
deducted. Here are some reasons why the Army stresses the use of active voice rather
than passive voice.
a. Active Voice – subject performs the action
Passive Voice – subject receives the action
b. Active Voice – is more concise (about 20 percent)
Passive Voice – tends to be wordy
c. Active Voice – gives emphasis to writing
Passive Voice – is vague
d. Active Voice – gives directness
Passive Voice – is awkward
e. In the active sentence, the doer of the action is up front.
f. In the passive sentence, the doer is usually at the end of the sentence.
For example:
The report was typed by the clerk. (Passive voice)
The clerk typed the report. (Active voice)
February 2021 6
ACTIVE VOICE
2. To determine if a sentence is active or passive, you can test it using the three
warning flags of passive voice. You MUST have two warning flags for the sentence to
be passive voice. Many will answer all three flags.
a. The first step in identifying passive voice is to see if the form of the verb “to be” is
present. The verb “to be” has eight forms:
You should memorize these eight forms. This will help you recognize passive voice.
Note: “has, have, had, will, must, and shall” ARE NOT forms of “to be”.
b. If a form of the verb “to be” is present, you next determine if a past participle of an
action verb follows the “to be” verb. You can recognize the past participle by its ending.
The usual endings for past participles are:
Example: picked, told, given, shown, taught, proved, held, written, thrown, hit
Some common irregular forms of the past participle are made, rung, done, and sunk.
Note: Verbs ending in “-ing” (writing, giving) are NOT past participles.
They are present participles and do not create passive voice.
c. Finally, if the sentence has a “to be” verb and a past participle, insert “by whom?”
after the verb phrase and see if the doer is at the end of the sentence or unknown.
Sometimes, the preposition “by” will appear in a sentence. “By whom?” asks who was
the doer, who taught her.
Example: “She was taught very thoroughly.”
“She was taught (by whom?) very thoroughly.”
-ed -d -en -n -t
am is are was were be being been
February 2021 7
ACTIVE VOICE
d. Be careful here. Some sentences may look like passive voice because they
show the first two warning flags. Consider the sentence:
Example: I am tired.
I am pleased with your performance.
I am married.
It meets the first two criteria, but it does not meet the third. This sentence, and others
like it, DESCRIBE something rather than indicate action. It is a state of being, not an
action. Make sure you check each warning flag to determine passive voice.
e. When using the three warning flags of passive voice, think of it as a formula:
f. A common mistake is to think that passive sentences occur only in the past tense.
Passive sentences can occur in all tenses (past, present, or future). For example:
The jeep will be driven. Future tense
The jeep is being driven. Present tense
The jeep was driven. Past tense
3. Now that you can recognize a passive sentence, you must know how to change it to
an active sentence. There are three methods of doing this.
a. METHOD #1: Put the doer up front – The most common method is to put the
doer up front. Look at this passive sentence:
The doer (SGT Brown) is at the end of the sentence. Rearrange it with the doer up
front. This is now an active sentence. The preposition “by” will identify the doer.
“to be” + past participle + “by whom?” = Passive Voice
I am required by my boss to attend.
He is required by his boss to attend, too.
They are given the tests by their teacher.
She was shown the answers.
They were not taught very thoroughly.
Example:
-P- The report was submitted by SGT Brown.
-A- SGT Brown submitted the report.
February 2021 8
ACTIVE VOICE
b. METHOD #2: Drop part of the verb – A second and less common method of
changing a passive sentence to an active sentence is to drop part of the verb. In certain
situations, this can be a very effective technique. Look at this example:
You can change this to an active sentence by dropping the verb “held”. Not all passive
sentences lend themselves to change through this method.
c. METHOD #3: Change the verb – The final technique of changing a passive
sentence to an active sentence is to change the verb. Look at this sentence:
By completely changing the verb, you can make this an active sentence. This method
and the other two methods are quick and easy ways to change passive voice to active
voice.
Example:
-P- The meeting was held at Ft. Sill.
-A- The meeting was at Ft. Sill.
Example:
-P- He will be required to attend.
-A- He will have to attend.
-A- He must attend.
February 2021 9
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 1: Identify Passive Voice
Requirement: Determine whether the following sentences are in the active voice,
passive voice, or describe a state of being. If it is passive, circle the form of the
verb to be and underline the past participle. Identify “by whom” when applicable.
______ a. He loaded the tent and stove into the jeep trailer.
______ b. The firing chart was constructed by the sergeant.
______ c. The evaluation will be submitted on 1 November.
______ d. The funeral was held in December.
______ e. The correction will be made to the report tomorrow.
______ f. Three protective masks were found in the truck.
______ g. The Soldiers were sent to the motor pool.
______ h. CPT Blackmon signed the memorandum yesterday.
______ i. I am tired of getting up at 0600 every day.
______ j. I received my commission from the University of Kentucky in May of 1989.
______ k. I am required by my boss to attend the graduation.
______ l. Soldiers are not permitted to participate in the following activities.
______ m. I am pleased to award you the Regimental Gold Coin.
______ n. He scored 300 on every PT test in the course.
February 2021 10
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 2: Change the Passive to Active Voice
Requirement: Change the following sentences from passive to active voice.
a. The test is being taken by the student.
b. The bank was robbed by bandits.
c. Your desk must be reorganized.
d. The memorandum must be submitted to me by 1500.
e. The Soldier’s record was placed in the wrong file drawer.
f. The student can be found in room 208.
g. All officer evaluation reports must be received no later than 1 October.
h. The student will be required to pass all mission critical subjects.
i. The memorandum will be changed by tomorrow!
February 2021 11
SECTION V: CAPITALIZATION
When to capitalize and when not to capitalize is a question many writers often ask
themselves. When in doubt, do not capitalize. The following table outlines general
capitalization rules from AR 25-50:
WHEN TO CAPITALIZE WHEN NOT TO CAPITALIZE
1. The beginning of each sentence or
phrase in a list.
1. Proper names in common usage.
bourbon whiskey
india ink
scotch tape
2. The names of military and Federal
organizations.
US Army Reserve
US Army
US Congress
Reserve Component
the Army
the Congress
2. The names of publications, divisions,
and parts when used in text.
appendix C
figure 7
paragraph 9
chapter 1
3. The names of military units when
referring to a specific one.
Company B
16th Battalion
8th Division
3. The names of military units when not
referring to a specific one.
company
battalion
division
4. General terms used to represent the
military services or Federal
Government.
The Government
Armed Forces
the Services
4. General categories of Army
publications.
field manuals
Army regulations
technical bulletin
DA pamphlet
5. Military titles when used before a
proper name or unit.
Commander, Company B
CPT Trulock, Commander
The Battalion S1, CPT Britt
Warrant Officer Boyle
5. Official titles when not used with a
proper name.
The commanding officer of the post.
See the battalion S1 about the form.
A captain must attend the advanced
course.
February 2021 12
CAPITALIZATION
WHEN TO CAPITALIZE WHEN NOT TO CAPITALIZE
6. The word “state” when used with the
name of a State or when used alone to
mean one of the 50 States.
New York State
a State
State law
6. The first word of a sentence included
within a sentence.
Bound publications (see glossary in
AR 310-1) are organized by sections
and paragraphs.
7. All words in titles of publications and
documents except articles,
prepositions, and conjunctions. (a, an,
the, at, by, for, in, of, on to, up, and, as,
but, if, or, and nor)
Some other common capitalization rules:
CAPITALIZE DO NOT CAPITALIZE
Adjutant General Officer Basic Course officer basic course
Adjutant General Officer Advanced
Course
advanced course
US Army Airborne School airborne school
Adjutant General’s Corps the corps
Civil War the war
Union Army the union
Confederate Army the confederates
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
Bachelor of Arts degree in history bachelor’s in history
Bachelor of Science degree in computers bachelor’s in computers
Bachelor of Arts degree in English bachelor’s in English
Bachelor of Business Administration master’s in education
South Carolina University the university
February 2021 13
SECTION VI: PUNCTUATION
Experts agree that some rules of punctuation are governed by personal judgment, but
there are certain basic principles of punctuation. The principles of punctuation that you
should use in military writing are the following:
1. Apostrophe.
a. Use it to form the plural of letters, numbers, and words used as words.
b. Use it to show possessive case.
c. Omit the apostrophe when forming the plural of abbreviations and acronyms.
2. Comma.
a. Separate two main clauses joined by the coordinating conjunctions and, but, or,
nor, for, yet. The comma may be omitted before the coordinating conjunction if the
main clauses are short and closely related.
b. Separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series.
c. Separate coordinate (equal rank) adjectives.
d. Set off introductory adverbial or adjectival clauses or phrases.
I’s A’s S’s
and’s if’s Z’s
Soldier’s anyone’s
day’s hour’s
PSBs TDYs
TOEs CDRs
You may prepare a page insert by completely retyping
both sides of the printed page, or you may prepare a page
insert by using the cut-and-paste method.
We will administer tests on
Monday, Wednesday, and
Friday.
We will consider only intelligent, alert
candidates for appointment in the
academy.
Having written your publication, you are now
ready to coordinate it with interested agencies.
February 2021 14
e. Set off the title, position, or organization following a person’s name (or name
equivalent).
3. Period.
a. If a parenthetical expression following a sentence is itself a complete sentence,
place the period inside the parenthesis.
b. If a parenthetical expression at the end of a sentence is not itself a complete
sentence, place the period outside of the parenthesis.
c. Place a period after each phrase or sentence in a list.
4. Semicolon.
a. Place between two closely related main clauses not joined by a coordinating
conjunction.
b. Place before conjunctive adverbs (such as, for example, however, otherwise,
therefore) when used to connect main clauses.
c. Place between items in a series when commas are used within any of the items.
5. Quotation Marks.
a. Always put a comma or period inside quotation marks.
b. Always put a semicolon or colon outside quotation marks.
CPT Brown, Battalion S4, will order the
meals for the field training exercise.
Submit the following forms with your
manuscript:
a. DA Form 260.
b. DA Form 260-1-R.
c. DA Form 1167.
The board is composed of a chairman;
representatives from ODCSLOG, ODCSPER, and
ODCSOPS; and commanders of the ACOMs.
February 2021 15
SECTION VII: NUMBERS
The following general rules apply for writing numbers:
WHEN TO USE FIGURES WHEN NOT TO USE FIGURES
1. Whole numbers of 10 or more.
15 missiles
200 soldiers
1. Spell out numbers under 10.
six missiles
three soldiers
2. Age:
5 years old
2. Spell out numbers under 100, if they
precede a compound modifier containing a
figure.
twelve 8-inch guns
two 1/4-inch boards
3. Dates:
July 26, 1945
3. Spell out indefinite expressions.
the early sixties
in her seventies
4. Time
1 month
2 days
3 weeks
4. Spell out numbers beginning a
sentence.
Fifty-four airplanes are on the ship.
Five years ago he got married.
5. Measurement
10 meters, 1 gallon, 5 miles
5. Numbers referring to armies and Army
areas.
Fifth US Army, First US Army
6. Unit modifiers:
6-hour day, 3-day week
6. Use Roman numerals for corps.
V Corps, XVIII Airborne Corps
7. Percentage:
6 percent
7. Use ordinal numbers for divisions,
brigades, regiments, battalions,
companies, and detachments.
Note: Use 2d not 2nd, 3d not 3rd
1st Battalion, 2d Platoon, 3d Battalion
8. Groups of numbers in a sentence
where one of the numbers should be
expressed as a figure.
I have 2 apples, 3 oranges, 12
bananas, and 21 grapes.
February 2021 16
SECTION VIII: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Established abbreviations are acceptable in all but the most formal writing. Use only
well known abbreviations. The following general rules from AR 25-52 and AR 25-50,
Chapter 1, Section III, apply to abbreviations:
1. First Time Use: If you want to use an abbreviation that may not be familiar to the
reader, the first time you use that abbreviation you must spell out the term fully and
follow it with the abbreviation in parenthesis.
NOTE: Do not capitalize the term, unless it would normally be capitalized.
2. If you require brevity, abbreviate months when used with day, or year, or both.
3. Normally, you will not abbreviate days of the week, but if you must, use the following
forms:
4. Do not use a period after an abbreviation or a brevity code unless it ends a sentence
or it is listed in the Government Printing Office Style Manual with periods.
Example: The publications stockroom manager (PSM) will
manage the installation stockroom.
The Adjutant General Officer Basic Course (AGOBC) is 14
weeks long.
Jan Jul
Feb Aug
Mar Sep
Apr Oct
May Nov
Jun Dec
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
February 2021 17
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
5. The following table lists commonly used abbreviations from AR 25-52:
NOTE: Follow the capitalization exactly as shown in the following table:
AUTHORIZED ABBREVIATIONS
Adjutant General/Adjutant General’s
Corps
AG
airborne abn
to be determined TBD
battalion bn
brigade bde
command CMD
command post exercise CPX
commander CDR
company co
enclosure encl
endorsement end
executive officer XO
fort Ft. (when used with location spell out
Fort)
group gp
headquarters HQ
headquarters and headquarters
company
HHC
leader ldr
management mgt
permanent change of station PCS
personnel services battalion PSB
platoon plt
the Army National Guard NG
United States Army Reserve USAR
United States Army Soldier Support
Institute
USASSI
18
SECTION IX: MEMORANDUMS (AR 25-50, Chapter 2)
1. Memorandums – Figures 2-1 through 2-19, AR 25-50 illustrates examples of use and
general rules for memorandums.
2. There are also some special purpose memorandums.
a. Memorandum of Understanding or Agreement – document used to mutually agree
to statements of fact, intentions, procedures, or commitments.
b. Memorandum for Record – used to give a summary of preceding correspondence
and basis for action taken.
(1) Summary – Contains the source, office symbol, date, subject, addressee, and
action requested or indicated.
(2) Basis for Action – shows background information having direct bearing on the
matter in question.
(3) Coordination – historical record or coordination.
3. Format and common mistakes.
a. Margins – 1 inch left, right, top, and bottom.
b. Date – right justified on the office symbol line. Use the Day-Month-Year format. If
you abbreviate the month then abbreviate the year, and be consistent throughout the
document.
c. MEMORANDUM FOR line – third line below the office symbol.
Address it to the department that you are sending the correspondence to. If a name is
needed put it in parentheses after the office symbol. When a second line is needed for
the address, begin it flush with the left margin, except for multiple-address
memorandums, which will begin under the third character of the line above it.
MEMORANDUM FOR is in all capital letters.
d. SUBJECT line – second line below MEMORANDUM FOR line (ten words or less).
“SUBJECT:” is in all capital letters. Capitalize Each Word Unless It Is an Article. If the
subject is more than one line begin typing the next lines flush with the left margin.
e. Body of memorandum – Begin third line below subject line.
Use short concise paragraphs, use sub-paragraphs to break
down points. The following is an example of the
subparagraph numbering:
Four spaces to the first indentation.
February 2021
1. Xxxxxxxxxx
a. Xxxxxx
b. Xxxxxx
(1) Xx
(2) Xx
(a) Xx
(b) Xx
February 2021 19
Eight spaces to the second indentation.
NOTE:
Never indent more than eight spaces.
Never have a “1” without a “2”.
Never have an “a” without a “b”.
f. Signature Block – Fifth line below the final paragraph. First letter is flush with the
center of the page. First line – FULL NAME in all capital letters. Second line – RANK
and abbreviated BRANCH, all capital letters. Third line – Duty Position, Upper and
Lower Case. Refer to AR 25-50, Appendix D for model authority lines and signature
blocks.
February 2021 20
SECTION X: LETTERS (AR 25-50, Chapter 3)
1. When you should use a military letter format.
2. Format.
a. Read Chapter 3 of AR 25-50. See example: p. 41-45, Fig 3-1, Fig 3-2.
b. Letterhead – See example: AR 25-50, p. 41-45, Fig 3-1, Fig 3-2.
c. Date – Centered two lines below the letterhead. Use the month-day-year format.
d. Office Title – Two lines below seal, starting at the left margin – used to identify the
office from which the letter originated. Titles are used instead of symbols.
e. Address – Normally five lines below the address, though that may vary slightly. No
abbreviations in the address. Two spaces before the zip code.
f. Salutation – Second line below the last line of the address. Appendix C, page 64
in AR 25-50 lists the appropriate salutation for the different ranks and titles. Use a colon
after the salutation not a comma.
g. Body of Letter – Second line below salutation. Indent as shown in Fig 3-1, AR 25-
50. Beware of passive voice. Paragraphs should be less than 1 inch long.
h. Complementary Close – Two lines below last paragraph, first letter aligned with
the center of the page.
i. Signature Block – Fifth line below the closing. Align with the center of the page.
First line is full name, use upper and lower case. Second line is rank (spell out) and US
Army. Third line is duty position, use upper and lower case.
j. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms. Not everyone understands them and they can
be confusing. If you use an acronym write out the phrase, then put the acronyms in
parenthesis after the phrase. See Section VIII for the rules on use of abbreviations and
acronyms.
Official business with non-DOD and DOD civilians.
Correspondence with a civilian agency or
government agency, including local and state.
Official personal correspondence.
Letters of Appreciation.
Letters of Commendation.
Letters of Sympathy.
Letters of Welcome.
February 2021 21
SECTION XI: DECISION PAPERS
1. General.
a. Prepare decision papers in accordance with AR 25-50 para. 2-8 and fig 2-19. The
maximum length of the basic paper should be no more than two pages.
b. Decision papers will be clear and concise. Summarize the issues so the reader
can make an informed decision. The reader should not have to hunt through
material at tabs to develop an understanding of the issues, alternatives, and
recommendations. Use tabbed material for a detailed analysis or explanation of
the summary presented in the paper.
2. Format.
a. Purpose. Paragraph 2 (PURPOSE) will clearly state the decision needed, why
you need a decision, and what the decision will accomplish.
b. Background and Discussion. Paragraph 3 (BACKGROUND AND DISCUSSION)
will explain the origin of the action, convey assumptions and facts necessary to an
understanding of the recommendation, and list and assess the alternatives considered.
Present facts as a chronological summary of actions or events leading to or bearing on
the issue. Assess the alternatives considered for decision in terms of suitability,
feasibility, and acceptability.
c. Include supporting documents at tabs and summarize their key points in the
background and discussion section. If the purpose of the decision paper is to obtain a
signature, the document on which the signature is required will always be at the first tab.
d. Impact. Paragraph 4 (IMPACT) will indicate impact of the recommended decision.
A staff action may have an impact on personnel, equipment, funding, or other resource
or mission areas. State who and to what extent the recommendation will impact. State if
there is no impact.
e. Recommendation. Paragraph 5 (RECOMMENDATION) will contain specific
recommendations. Add a line under the signature block where the approving authority
may note action taken. Assure that you add a separate action line, as follows, for each
additional recommendation in the paper.
(APPROVED_______DISAPPROVED_______SEE ME______).
f. Coordination. Underline the word “COORDINATION”; also use uppercase. Show
coordination by staff officers as “CONCUR / NONCONCUR.”
g. Tabs. Letter or number tabs. The preferred tabs are the 8 ½” X 11” yellow index
sheets with pre-printed letters.
February 2021 22
DECISION PAPERS
(1) To conserve resources, you may use either lettered or numbered tabs. The
tabs must be consecutive and correspond exactly to the sequence cited in the basic
correspondence.
(2) The tasking document will appear directly under the staff paper as a
reference, so the reader can understand the nature of the task.
(3) Always use the first tab for the document requiring a signature.
(4) Use subsequent tabs for any other material that sheds light on the issue or
improves the reader’s understanding of that action and any recommendation
being made.
February 2021 23
OFFICE SYMBOL DATE
MEMORANDUM FOR COMMANDING GENERAL
SUBJECT: Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx
1. DECISION.
2. PURPOSE. To obtain………………….
3. BACKGROUND AND DISCUSSION.
a.
b.
c.
4. IMPACT.
5. RECOMMENDATION. That CG sign the memorandum at TAB A.
Encl SIGNATURE BLOCK
as XXX, XX
Xxxxxxxxxx
APPROVED DISAPPROVED SEE ME
COORDINATION:
Cdr, TSB CONCUR/NONCONCUR DATE
BN S1, TSB CONCUR/NONCONCUR DATE
BN S3, TSB CONCUR/NONCONCUR DATE
BN S4, TSB CONCUR/NONCONCUR DATE
(Example Format for a Decision Paper)
February 2021 24
SECTION XII: INFORMATION PAPERS
1. General.
a. Use an information paper to provide information not requiring any specific action.
b. Prepare the information paper as an memorandum in accordance with AR 25-50.
The length of the basic paper should not exceed two pages.
2. Format. Prepare the information paper as follows:
a. Address the information paper THRU the Director, Training Division to
Commandant, Adjutant General School.
b. If coordination is necessary, sign, and date the memorandum after coordination is
complete.
c. Capitalize and underline word INFORMATION in paragraph 1. If applicable,
indicate the event or date to which the information is time sensitive.
d. Provide the concise information in numbered paragraphs, beginning with
paragraph 2.
e. Provide supporting documentation for clarity, as required. Any enclosed
documentation will follow the flow in the information paper and be identified with tabs.
f. Outline key point(s) of the supporting documentation in the text of the paper. Tab
appropriate pages and highlight in yellow or orange so the reader can easily find the
relevant information.
February 2021 25
OFFICE SYMBOL DATE
MEMORANDUM THRU DEPUTY COMMANDER
FOR COMMANDING GENERAL
SUBJECT:
1. INFORMATION.
2. PURPOSE. To provide information on….. (Give purpose)
3. (Provide information)
SIGNATURE BLOCK
XXX, XX
Xxxxxxxxxxxxx
(Example Format of an Information Paper)
February 2021 26
SECTION XIII: BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT
1. The documentation style used in the AG School will be the American Psychological
Association (APA). In the social sciences, the most influential writing and documentation
style is that of the American Psychology Association. APA style is widely used in not
only psychology but also sociology, anthropology, political science, education, business,
and other social science disciplines
2. Citations. You must state the sources of facts and ideas that you obtained from your
research. You must tell enough about each source so that reader can locate the
information or idea you mention. Do not use an abstract page (note: this version
subject to change).
Sample Cover Page – APA
New Computer Users and Fear 1
New Computer Users and Fear:
A Review of Some Related Literature
Samantha Smith
Psychology 101, Semester 2, Class 3A
Professor M. Jones
May 2, 2005
February 2021 27
Sample Inside Page – APA
New Computer Users and Fear 2
New Computer Users and Fear:
A Review of Some Related Literature
In one of his very first chapters entitled, “Fear and Anxiety on the Internet,”
Fawcett (1999) observed, “It was my fear of technology that drove me in my
early days on the Internet.” (p. 23). Later in the same chapter he went on to
elaborate at length on his experiences:
“My first experiences with the Internet were not pleasant ones. At that time,
most Internet users were hooked-up to public networks known as Freenets.
These networks may have been pioneering in many ways, but for the average
user at the time, they were extremely tedious and frustrating, sporting
technology that, by today’s standards, was bordering on neanderthal.
A typical Internet evening involved many long and frustrating hours of
fumbling around in “cyber-blackness”. It frequently took an entire evening just
to check my e-mail! A session was often prefaced by hours of busy signals
before finally making a connection.
At that time, everything was text-based and menu-driven. Typically, the
entire purpose of one of my sessions would be just to send and read a few emails. For a few of the more savvy “tekkie-types”, it meant spending endless
hours exchanging cyber-musings with like-minded “propeller-heads”.
February 2021 28
Sample References Page – APA
New Computer Users and Fear 10
References
Bedford, F. (1990, October 30). The Psychology of Fear: Is it all in our
heads? The New York Times, p. B4.
Chrissie, S. (1995, July 31). Are We Afraid of Our Computers? The
Chicago Tribune, pp. D4, D6.
Gorman, J.R., & Smithson, R.T. (1997). The Dynamics of Human Fear
Neuroses In the Age of the Modern Computer (pp. 345-353).
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Hillson, G., (1996, December). The Unwelcome Eventual Alternative –
Computers That Tell Us What To Do. The New Psychologist, 22,
45-54.
Fawcett, S. (1999). Internet Basics without fear!, Montreal: Final Draft
Publications.
Francis, V. (1985). The Fear Experience: Do We Really Know What We’re
Getting Into?. London: Oxford Press.
Sawyer, D., & Johnson R. (1987). The Transference of Fears of
Technology To Those Around Us – A Case Study. New York:
Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Transom, Z., & Rutherford, S. (1991, October). The Relationship Between
Occasional Writer’s Block and Fear of Technology. Psychology
Today, 27, 82-88.
University of Tennessee Knoxville Web site (2005). Retrieved on Jun 6, 2005
from http://wireless.utk.edu/handheld#handheld
Winston, T., (1990). Is That My Computer You’re Talking To?. Chicago:
Doubleday Press.

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