Case study 2
Choose one of the case studies below and discuss the condition
Case Studies
A 47-year-old female presents with Stage IV breast cancer. Today, the PET scan reveals brain metastasis.
Define proliferation and differentiation and relate these changes to cancer.
Describe invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis.
There are three underlying causes of growth and maturity abnormalities: telomerase, pRB changes and 53 changes. Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discuss these in relation to the patient.
Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discuss tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and DNA repair genes.
A 30-year-old presents with a history of IV drug use, HIV +, and is today diagnosed with pneumonia.
Does the patient have an acute or chronic state of inflammation? Explain the rationale.
What is the significance of cellular replication in a patient with HIV?
What is viral load and what is the relationship with CD4 T cells?
How did the pneumonia occur?
A 25-year-old male presents with chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis.
Define innate vs. acquired immunity.
Define active vs. passive immunity.
Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discuss the genetic predisposition of allergens.
Describe the antigen-antibody response.
What is the pathology of sinusitis?
A 40-year-old has an endometrial biopsy report: benign endometrial hyperplasia.
Explain the diagnosis.
Which cells are implicated in this diagnosis? Compare and contrast atrophy vs. hyperplasia.
How does dysplasia differ from hyperplasia?
Does hyperplasia lead to neoplasia? Defend your answer.
Expectations
Initial Post of Case Study:
· Length: 400 words, not including references
· Citations: At least three high-level scholarly reference in Ace homework tutors – APA from within the last 5 years
Case Study: A 47-year-old female presents with Stage IV breast cancer. Today, the PET scan reveals brain metastasis.
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the breast tissue and can spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Metastasis involves several steps, including proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells, invasion of surrounding tissues, angiogenesis, and the establishment of secondary tumors in distant organs.
Proliferation refers to the process of cell division, which is tightly regulated in normal cells. However, cancer cells have mutations that disrupt this regulation, causing them to divide uncontrollably. Differentiation refers to the specialization of cells into specific types with specific functions. Cancer cells often lose their ability to differentiate and become more primitive, resembling stem cells.
Invasion refers to the ability of cancer cells to break down the extracellular matrix and invade surrounding tissues. Angiogenesis is the process by which tumors stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients. Metastasis occurs when cancer cells break off from the primary tumor and travel to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, where they can establish secondary tumors.
There are three underlying causes of growth and maturity abnormalities: telomerase, pRB changes, and p53 changes. Telomerase is an enzyme that maintains the length of telomeres, which are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes. In most normal cells, telomerase is inactive, and telomeres shorten with each cell division, eventually leading to cell death. However, cancer cells often have mutations that activate telomerase, allowing them to divide indefinitely. pRB and p53 are tumor suppressor genes that normally prevent cells from dividing uncontrollably and promote apoptosis (cell death) when necessary. Mutations in these genes can lead to the loss of these functions and the development of cancer.
Tumor suppressor genes are genes that normally prevent the development of cancer by regulating cell division and promoting apoptosis. Oncogenes are genes that promote cell division and can cause cancer when overactive or mutated. DNA repair genes are genes that repair damage to DNA, preventing mutations that can lead to cancer.
In summary, breast cancer is a complex disease that involves a series of steps, including proliferation, differentiation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. It can be caused by mutations in genes that regulate cell division and DNA repair. The diagnosis of brain metastasis in this patient suggests that the cancer has spread beyond the breast tissue and highlights the importance of early detection and treatment of breast cancer.
